Table 3:
Results from multivariable log-linear and logistic models of during-pandemic GAD-7
| GAD severity a | GAD ≥ 8 b | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coef. | Wald z-stat. | Proportional change (95% CI) | P-value | Coef. | Wald z-stat. | OR (95% CI) | P-value | |||
| Coef. | Overall | Coef. | Overall | |||||||
| Age | 0.09 | 0.70 | 1.09 (0.86, 1.39) | 0.484 | 0.62 | 1.07 | 1.85 (0.60, 5.71) | 0.284 | ||
| Female sex | 0.12 | 2.08 | 1.13 (1.01, 1.26) | 0.037 | 0.45 | 1.52 | 1.58 (0.88, 2.83) | 0.128 | ||
| Hispanic ethnicity or non-White race | −0.04 | −0.59 | 0.96 (0.85, 1.09) | 0.552 | 0.12 | 0.37 | 1.12 (0.60, 2.09) | 0.711 | ||
| Pre-pandemic GAD score | 0.07 | 13.82 | 1.07 (1.06, 1.08) | <0.001 | 0.32 | 5.00 | 1.37 (1.21, 1.56) | <0.001 | ||
| Increase in financial stress over spring break | 0.19 | 3.47 | 1.21 (1.09, 1.35) | <0.001 | 0.12 | 0.35 | 1.13 (0.58, 2.20) | 0.725 | ||
| Feeling isolated or alone due to COVID-19 (ref=Not at all) | ||||||||||
| A little | 0.18 | 1.16 | 1.19 (0.88, 1.61) | 0.246 | <0.001 | 0.85 | 0.75 | 2.34 (0.25, 21.66) | 0.454 | <0.001 |
| Moderately | 0.39 | 2.62 | 1.48 (1.10, 1.99) | 0.009 | 2.30 | 2.13 | 10.02 (1.20, 83.77) | 0.033 | ||
| Quite a bit | 0.59 | 3.96 | 1.80 (1.35, 2.41) | <0.001 | 2.88 | 2.68 | 17.85 (2.16, 147.19) | 0.007 | ||
| Extremely | 0.70 | 4.58 | 2.02 (1.50, 2.73) | <0.001 | 3.21 | 2.94 | 24.74 (2.91, 210.00) | 0.003 | ||
| Worry about the current COVID-19 situation (ref=Not at all worried) | ||||||||||
| A little worried | 0.10 | 0.69 | 1.11 (0.83, 1.47) | 0.491 | <0.001 | −0.16 | −0.25 | 0.85 (0.23, 3.12) | 0.806 | 0.026 |
| Moderately worried | 0.33 | 2.30 | 1.39 (1.05, 1.85) | 0.021 | −0.10 | −0.16 | 0.90 (0.26, 3.11) | 0.870 | ||
| Very worried | 0.46 | 3.14 | 1.59 (1.19, 2.12) | 0.002 | 0.70 | 1.07 | 2.02 (0.56, 7.34) | 0.284 | ||
| Extremely worried | 0.53 | 3.35 | 1.71 (1.25, 2.33) | <0.001 | 1.20 | 1.57 | 3.31 (0.74, 14.77) | 0.116 | ||
| Concern about getting or having COVID-19 (ref=Not at all) | ||||||||||
| Somewhat | −0.02 | −0.32 | 0.98 (0.87, 1.11) | 0.752 | 0.115 | 0.20 | 0.63 | 1.22 (0.65, 2.29) | 0.532 | 0.075 |
| Very much | 0.15 | 1.61 | 1.17 (0.97, 1.41) | 0.107 | 1.12 | 2.22 | 3.06 (1.14, 8.21) | 0.026 | ||
| Comparison with intercept-only model: Joint Wald test statistic=708.78, chi-squared df=16, p=<0.001 | Comparison with intercept-only model: Likelihood ratio test statistic=131.90, chi-squared df=16, p=<0.001 | |||||||||
a
Model N=727 students, multivariable log-linear regression with robust standard errors
b
Model N=550 students with GAD-7 below 8 on pre-pandemic (December 2019) survey, multivariable logistic regression
Note: Both models controlled for study intervention assignment (treatment/control), which was not significant in either model.