Table 2.

Employment Quality Dimensions^a, Health and Retirement Study (HRS) Prompts, and Operationalization for Analysis

Domain	Item	Prompt	Analytic Coding
Employment stability	Job tenure	“In what month and year did you [start/last work] this job”	X-X years (value for unemployed: 0)
	Weeks worked	“Counting paid vacations as weeks of work, how many weeks a year do you usually work?”	0–52 weeks (value for unemployed: 0)
Material rewards	Income	“How much are you paid before taxes and other deductions?”	Annual income from salary/ wages in 2016 USD
	Paid leave	“How many days of paid sick leave are you allowed each year?”	Yes ≥1 for either, no otherwise (value for unemployed: 0)
		“How many weeks of paid vacation do you get?”
	Pension	“Aside from IRA or Keogh plans, are you included in any pension plans or tax-deferred savings plans through your work?”	Yes/No (value for unemployed: 0)
	Health insurance	“Do you have any type of health insurance coverage obtained through your [or your (husband’s/wife’s/ partner’s)] employer, former employer or union, such as Blue Cross-Blue Shield or a Health Maintenance Organization? How many such health plans do you have? How is this coverage obtained?”	Yes if participants employer, no otherwise (value for unemployed: 0)
Workers’ rights & social protections	Paid overtime	“If you were to work more hours than usual during some week, would you get paid for those extra hours, get time off later, or get no compensation for the extra hours?”	Yes/No (value for unemployed: 0)
	Overtime required	“Are you required to work overtime”	Yes/No (value for unemployed: 0)
Working time arrangements	Hours worked	“How many hours a week do you usually work [on this job/in this business]”	X-X hours (value for unemployed: 0)
	Stable hours	“Do you work this number of hours nearly every week”	Yes/No (value for unemployed: 0)
Training & employment opportunities		NA
Collective organization	Union	“Are you covered on this job by a union or employee- association contract?”	Yes/No (value for unemployed: 0)
Interpersonal power relations	Schedule/role freedom	“My employer would let older workers move to a less demanding job with less pay if they wanted to.”	Yes to any/No (value for unemployed: 0)
		“(Not counting overtime hours,) Could you reduce the number of hours in your regular work schedule?”
		“Could you increase the number of hours in your regular work schedule?”
	Forced retirement	“Thinking back to the time you (partly/completely) retired, was that something you wanted to do or something you felt you were forced into?”	Not retired OR own decision (1); partially own decision (2) not own decision (3) (value for unemployed: 3)

Note. ^aSeven interrelated dimensions of EQ based on existing research (Benach et al., 2014; Julià et al., 2017; Van Aerden et al., 2014).