Table 2.

SARS-Cov-2 SEROPREVALENCE (ELISA-S ≥ 1.1¹) according to living conditions, and individual socio-economic factors, in people living in France²: the national EpiCov cohort, round 1—May 2020

	N	n	%3	95% CI3	P
Population density in municipality of residence
Low	3666	219	3.4	[2.6–4.3]	< 0.001
Medium	3562	199	3.3	[2.4–4.1]
High	4886	367	6.4	[5.3–7.5]
Living in a socially deprived neighbourhood
No	11,589	743	4.2	[3.7–4.8]	0.021
Yes	525	42	8.2	[3.7–12.7]
Overcrowded housing4
Living alone	1665	74	2.1	[1.3–2.9]	< 0.001
Housing not particularly crowded	9095	588	4.3	[3.7–4.9]
Crowded housing	1097	100	9.2	[6.1–12.4]
Number of people in the household
1	1665	74	2.1	[1.3–2.9]	< 0.001
2	4266	203	2.7	[2.1–3.3]
3	2268	173	5.2	[3.8–6.4]
4	2560	210	7.1	[5.4–8.7]
5 or more	1349	125	8.5	[5.7–11.3]
Suspected COVID cases in the household5
Living alone	1665	74	2.1	[1.3–2.9]	< 0.001
No reported cases	8822	433	4.0	[3.3–4.7]
At least one reported case	1621	278	12.9	[10.4–15.3]
Minor living in the household
Living alone	1665	74	2.1	[1.2–2.9]	< 0.001
No minor	6284	344	3.8	[3.1–4.5]
At least one minor	4159	367	6.9	[5.6–8.2]
Left usual dwelling during lockdown6
No	11,414	731	4.4	[3.8–4.9]	0.17
Yes	700	54	6.6	[2.9–10.2]
Gender
Men	5469	321	3.9	[3.1–4.7]	0.053
Women	6645	464	5.0	[4.3–5.8]
Age (years)
15–20	928	51	3.6	[1.8–5.4]	< 0.001
21–29	1253	81	5.7	[3.6–7.8]
30–49	4072	366	6.9	[5.8–8.1]
50–64	3375	204	4.5	[3.2–5.9]
> 64	2486	83	1.3	[0.9–1.8]
Tobacco use
Daily smoker	1995	69	2.8	[1.8–3.8]	0.031
Occasional smoker	470	33	5.1	[2.6–7.5]
Ex-smoker	3888	253	4.5	[3.4–5.7]
Non-smoker	5756	430	5.1	[4.2–5.9]
Immigration status
French native	9546	597	4.1	[3.5–4.7]	< 0.001
1st-generation immigrant from Europe7	374	24	4.8	[1.9–7.9]
1st-generation immigrant from outside Europe7	528	55	9.4	[5.5–13.3]
2nd-generation immigrant from Europe8	706	41	3.6	[2.0–5.3]
2nd-generation immigrant from outside Europe	548	43	6.2	[3.4–9.0]
Occupational status
Healthcare profession9	578	74	11.4	[7.7–15.1]	< 0.001
Other essential profession10	1219	99	5.2	[3.6–6.9]
Non-essential profession	4960	365	5.7	[4.7–6.7]
Not occupation	5356	247	3.0	[2.2–3.8]
Highest diploma attained
< High school	4236	204	2.8	[2.1–3.6]	< 0.001
≥ High school and < Bachelor’s degree	4029	282	5.8	[4.7–6.9]
≥ Bachelor’s degree	3849	299	6.2	[5.1–7.4]
Family income per capita (deciles)
D01 (lowest)	798	52	5.7	[2.5–8.9]	0.008
D02–D03	1430	86	4.8	[3.3–6.4]
D04–D05	1718	97	3.3	[2.3–4.3]
D06–D07	2423	128	2.9	[2.1–3.7]
D08–D09	3332	237	5.5	[4.4–6.6]
D10 (highest)	2112	159	6.0	[4.5–7.4]
Reported testing by PCR
Tested positive	83	74	80.5	[60.5–< 1]	< 0.001
Tested negative	292	22	5.9	[1.1–9.7]
Result of test unknown	21	1	0.4	[0.4–10.1]
Not tested	11,696	683	4.1	[3.6–4.7]
Don’t know if tested	22	5	25.3	[0.3–50.2]

Bold is used to underline % and OR

¹Home sampling by finger prick/Euroimmun ELISA-S test

²People aged 15 years or over residing in mainland France, outside residential housing for the elderly and prisons

³The sampling design is taken into account for the estimation of prevalence, confidence intervals and statistical tests, with the SAS procsurvey procedure. The percentages are weighted by sampling weight (the inverse of inclusion probability), corrected for non-response probability and calibrated on the margin of the census. The prevalences are not equal to n/N

⁴Living in a housing area with less than 18 m² per inhabitant

⁵Other members of the household reported by the participant as having had symptoms or positive PCR tests since February 2020

⁶First national lockdown in France: March 17th to May 11th

⁷First-generation immigrants: born non-French outside France and living permanently in France (including those who subsequently acquired French nationality)

⁸Second-generation immigrants: born and living in France, with at least one parent being a first-generation immigrant

⁹Including medical and paramedical professionals, Firefighters, Pharmacists and ambulance drivers (but not including hospital cleaners, for example)

¹⁰Home helps or housekeepers, food shop workers, delivery drivers, public transportation drivers, cab drivers, bank customer service or reception staff, petrol station employees, police officers, postal workers, cleaning staff, security guards, construction workers, truck drivers, farmers and social workers