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. 2021 Aug 12;50(6):1970–1978. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyab158

Figure 3.

Figure 3

Rural and urban life expectancies (LE) at age 25 years by sex under observed and counterfactual conditions. CVD, cardiovascular disease; DOD, drug-overdose death. Annotations show actual LE age 25 years and differences between actual and counterfactual values. CVD counterfactual estimates of LE if the 1999–2009 CVD-mortality rates in rural and urban areas had continued through 2010–2019. The CVD counterfactual (65+ years only) applies 1999–2009 rates of decline only to the age groups of ≥65 years, whereas ages 25–64 years have actual mortality rates. The DOD counterfactual estimates LE if drug-overdose deaths remained at their 2010 level through 2019. Data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s Wide-ranging Online Data for Epidemiologic Research. Rural–urban designation based on the 2013 National Center for Health Statistics’ Urban-Rural Scheme, with urban areas encompassing large centre metro, large fringe metro, medium metro and small metro, whereas rural areas were micropolitan or noncore.