Table 5.
Positive detection rate of viral or bacterial pathogen for patients with acute meningitis or encephalitis in China during 2009‒2018.
| Characteristics | N. meningitidis | S. pneumoniae | S. aureus | E. coli | S. suis | Hib | M. tuberculosis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall cases | 2.02 (183/9,045) | 1.55 (134/8,654) | 1.09 (86/7,869) | 0.70 (56/7,963) | 0.34 (26/7,701) | 0.19 (16/8,417) | 0.10 (7/6,892) |
| Sex | |||||||
| Male | 2.14 (123/5,747) | 1.67 (92/5,498) | 1.22 (61/5,011) | 0.79 (40/5,082) | 0.45 (22/4,921) | 0.22 (12/5,358) | 0.09 (4/4,417) |
| Female | 1.82 (60/3,298) | 1.33 (42/3,156) | 0.87 (25/2,858) | 0.56 (16/2,881) | 0.14 (4/2,780) | 0.13 (4/3,059) | 0.12 (3/2,475) |
| Rate difference (95% CI) | 0.32 (-0.27, 0.91) | 0.34 (-0.18, 0.87) | 0.34 (-0.11, 0.80) | 0.23 (-0.13, 0.60) | 0.30 (0.07, 0.54) | 0.09 (-0.09, 0.27) | -0.03 (-0.19, 0.13) |
| Age | |||||||
| Children (0‒5 years) | 1.67 (43/2,580) | 2.32 (57/2,453) | 0.39 (9/2,315) | 1.09 (25/2,290) | 0.04 (1/2,257) | 0.37 (9/2,411) | 0.10 (2/2,040) |
| <6 months | 0.99 (7/709) | 1.71 (12/700) | 0.74 (5/672) | 2.32 (15/646) | 0 (0/650) | 0.15 (1/689) | 0.17 (1/578) |
| 6‒12 months | 1.59 (5/315) | 4.04 (12/297) | 0.34 (1/290) | 0 (0/285) | 0 (0/279) | 0.68 (2/294) | 0 (0/257) |
| 1‒ years | 1.29 (7/542) | 2.88 (15/520) | 0.20 (1/491) | 0.21 (1/481) | 0 (0/477) | 0.59 (3/511) | 0 (0/434) |
| 2‒ years | 1.82 (7/385) | 2.15 (8/372) | 0.30 (1/333) | 0.59 (2/340) | 0.31 (1/325) | 0.55 (2/366) | 0 (0/301) |
| 3‒ years | 3.55 (11/310) | 1.44 (4/278) | 0.38 (1/262) | 1.88 (5/266) | 0 (0/258) | 0 (0/272) | 0.42 (1/239) |
| 4‒ years | 1.88 (6/319) | 2.10 (6/286) | 0 (0/267) | 0.74 (2/272) | 0 (0/268) | 0.36 (1/279) | 0 (0/231) |
| P value* | 0.031 | 0.749 | 0.114 | 0.121 | 0.572 | 0.888 | 0.981 |
| 5‒17 years old | 3.30 (71/2,151) | 1.30 (26/2,002) | 0.84 (15/1,791) | 0.77 (14/1,823) | 0 (0/1,726) | 0.05 (1/1,961) | 0 (0/1,479) |
| 18‒59 years old | 1.58 (56/3,552) | 1.27 (44/3,461) | 1.68 (52/3,104) | 0.47 (15/3,182) | 0.55 (17/3,064) | 0.18 (6/3,340) | 0.14 (4/2,780) |
| ≥60 years old | 1.71 (13/762) | 0.95 (7/738) | 1.52 (10/659) | 0.30 (2/668) | 1.22 (8/654) | 0 (0/705) | 0.17 (1/593) |
| P value# | 0.375 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.003 | <0.001 | 0.055 | 0.432 |
| Case type | |||||||
| Inpatient | 1.47 (108/7,332) | 1.71 (120/7,033) | 1.31 (84/6,398) | 0.84 (54/6,450) | 0.42 (26/6,245) | 0.13 (9/6,800) | 0.09 (5/5,478) |
| Outpatient | 4.38 (75/1,713) | 0.86 (14/1,621) | 0.14 (2/1,471) | 0.13 (2/1,513) | 0 (0/1,456) | 0.43 (7/1,617) | 0.14 (2/1,414) |
| Rate difference (95% CI) | -2.91 (-3.91, -1.90) | 0.84 (0.30, 1.39) | 1.18 (0.84, 1.51) | 0.71 (0.42, 0.99) | 0.42 (0.26, 0.58) | -0.30 (-0.63, 0.03) | -0.05 (-0.26, 0.16) |
| Geographic location | |||||||
| Northern | 3.24 (81/2,498) | 3.75 (88/2,346) | 0.53 (10/1,880) | 1.54 (31/2,008) | 0 (0/1,742) | 0.52 (12/2,292) | 0.25 (4/1,571) |
| Southern | 1.56 (102/6,547) | 0.73 (46/6,308) | 1.27 (76/5,989) | 0.42 (25/5,955) | 0.44 (26/5,959) | 0.07 (4/6,125) | 0.06 (3/5,321) |
| Rate difference (95% CI) | 1.68 (0.93, 2.44) | 3.02 (2.22, 3.82) | -0.74 (-1.17, -0.30) | 1.12 (0.56, 1.69) | -0.44 (-0.60, -0.27) | 0.46 (0.16, 0.76) | 0.20 (-0.06, 0.46) |
The data were presented as positive rate (positive number/tested number) unless otherwise indicated. * indicates comparison among six age groups of children by performing Cochran-Armitage trend test. # indicates comparison among children <5 years old, patients aged 5‒17 years old, 18‒59 years old and ≥60 years old by performing Cochran-Armitage trend test. N. meningitidis, Neisseria meningitidis; S. pneumoniae, Streptococcus pneumoniae; S. aureus, Staphylococcus aureus; Hib, Haemophilus influenzae type b; S. suis, Streptococcus suis; M. tuberculosis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis; E. coli, Escherichia coli.