Table 3.
Study design for observational studies compared with COVID-19 and others
| Observational Studies | COVID-19 (n=2786) | Others (n=11387) | Pvalue |
|---|---|---|---|
| Observational Model: Case-Control | 312(10.85%) | 1443(12.67%) | 0.034 |
| Time Perspective: Cross-Sectional | 41(1.43%) | 299(2.63%) | 0.002 |
| Time Perspective: Prospective | 176(6.12%) | 893(7.84%) | 0.072 |
| Time Perspective: Retrospective | 82(2.85%) | 206(1.81%) | <0.001 |
| Time Perspective: Other | 13(0.45%) | 45(0.40%) | 0.348 |
| Observational Model: Case-Crossover | 29(1.01%) | 106(0.93%) | 0.592 |
| Time Perspective: Cross-Sectional | 11(0.38%) | 38(0.33%) | 0.836 |
| Time Perspective: Prospective | 11(0.38%) | 59(0.52%) | 0.090 |
| Time Perspective: Retrospective | 6(0.38%) | 9(0.08%) | 0.070 |
| Time Perspective: Other | 1(0.03%) | 0(0.00%) | 0.215 |
| Observational Model: Case-Only | 296(10.29%) | 1406(12.35%) | 0.012 |
| Time Perspective: Cross-Sectional | 41(1.43%) | 225(1.98%) | 0.354 |
| Time Perspective: Prospective | 156(5.42%) | 881(7.74%) | 0.001 |
| Time Perspective: Retrospective | 72(2.50%) | 242(2.13%) | 0.004 |
| Time Perspective: Other | 27(0.94%) | 58(0.51%) | <0.001 |
| Observational Model: Cohort | 1738(60.43%) | 6937(60.92%) | 0.155 |
| Time Perspective: Cross-Sectional | 143(4.97%) | 497(4.36%) | 0.129 |
| Time Perspective: Prospective | 1141(39.67%) | 5155(45.27) | <0.001 |
| Time Perspective: Retrospective | 342(11.89%) | 1049(9.21%) | <0.001 |
| Time Perspective: Other | 112(3.89%) | 236(2.07%) | <0.001 |
| Observational Model: Ecologic or Community | 95(3.30%) | 139(1.22%) | <0.001 |
| Time Perspective: Cross-Sectional | 37(1.29%) | 73(0.64%) | 0.041 |
| Time Perspective: Prospective | 45(1.56%) | 48(0.42%) | 0.049 |
| Time Perspective: Retrospective | 8(0.28%) | 10(0.09%) | 0.729 |
| Time Perspective: Other | 5(0.17%) | 8(0.07%) | 0.872 |
| Observational Model: Family-Based | 7(0.24%) | 33(0.29%) | 0.731 |
| Time Perspective: Cross-Sectional | 5(0.17%) | 7(0.06%) | 0.017 |
| Time Perspective: Prospective | 2(0.07%) | 20(0.18%) | 0.130 |
| Time Perspective: Retrospective | 0(0.00%) | 2(0.02%) | 0.677 |
| Time Perspective: Other | 0(0.00%) | 4(0.04%) | 0.448 |
| Observational Model: Other | 308(10.71%) | 1319(11.58%) | 0.433 |
| Time Perspective: Cross-Sectional | 80(2.78%) | 286(2.51%) | 0.104 |
| Time Perspective: Prospective | 137(4.76%) | 716(6.29%) | 0.002 |
| Time Perspective: Retrospective | 56(1.95%) | 185(1.62%) | 0.064 |
| Time Perspective: Other | 35(1.22%) | 132(1.16%) | 0.480 |
| Observational Model: Unknown | 1(0.03%) | 4(0.04%) | 0.665 |