Table 3. Possibilities of AI-assisted display based on surgical videos in thoracic surgery.

Potential process	Requirements	Applications
Construction of videos database	Thoracic surgeons’ experience and insight for clinical issues; consensus on the standardization of database establishment; efforts to construct an open, multi-center database	Surgical education and training; operation quality evaluation; intraoperative assistance; postoperative analysis
Annotation of pretraining data for AI	Thoracic surgeons’ specific knowledge and involvement; time-consuming, labor-driven manual annotation; formulation of a set of annotation protocols for regulation; developing AI to help with the annotation in turn
Identification of instrument and anatomic structure; automated recognition of surgical phases	Training: a lot of annotated pictures was fed to AI program for learning; validation: developed AI is used for testing as compared to the real; a large amount of multi-dimensional image data for analysis; robust and generalized AI algorithms to support

AI, artificial intelligence.