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. 2021 Dec;13(12):6976–6993. doi: 10.21037/jtd-21-765

Table 3. Area under the curve values in validation datasets for prediction of additional-, prolonged-, or re-intervention and/or care.

Surgery Datasets Phasea Model typeb (clinical score) AUCc
Training Test Category Subtype
Renal replacement and CVVH
   Penny-Dimri et al. (61) Mix N/A Preoperative Conventional LR (Cleveland Clinic) 0.80d
LR (Risk score) 0.80d
LR (Risk score) 0.81d
77,322 19,331 Preoperative Advanced LR 0.82d
GBM 0.83d
k-NN 0.68d
ANN 0.82d
Pre-, and intraoperative Advanced LR 0.84d
GBM 0.85d
k-NN 0.69d
ANN 0.84 d
   Bent et al. (66) CABG + valve surgery 30 35 Perioperative Advanced LR 0.89e
ANN 0.90e
Prolonged mechanical ventilation and reintubation
   Wise et al. (71) CABG N/A Preoperative Conventional LR 0.698f
590 148 Preoperative Advanced ANN 0.714f
   Mendes et al. (22) CABG 1,053 262 Pre-, intra-, postoperative Advanced LR 0.67f
ANN 0.72f
LR 0.62g
ANN 0.65g
Length of stay
   Rowan et al. (72) Mix 480 240 Pre-, intra-, postoperative Advanced Ensemble ANNs 0.901
   Barbini et al. (73) CABG + valve surgery 2,605 651 Pre-, intra-, postoperative Advanced NB 0.859
   Meyfroidt et al. (70) Mix N/A Preoperative Conventional LR (EuroSCORE I) 0.726
Pre-, intra-, postoperative Nurses’ prediction 0.695
Physician’s prediction 0.758
461 499 Advanced Gaussian processes 0.758
30-day readmission
   Manyam et al. (74) CABG 1,042 261 Time-independent1 Advanced XGBoost 0.627
Time-dependent + time-independent1 Advanced XGBoost 0.868
   Engoren et al. (75) CABG 2,644 2,711 Pre-, intra-, postoperative Advanced LR 0.644
Genetic programs 0.654
ANN 0.537
Graft failure at 5 years
   Agasthi et al. (32) HTx 12,189 3,047 Pre-, intra-, postoperative Advanced GBM 0.716

a, perioperative phase: pre-, intra, postoperative used variables in prediction models; b, distinction between conventional and advanced models is explained in the methods section; c, definitions of both the AUC and C-index is given in the methods section; d, need for renal replacement therapy; e, need for early continuous venovenous hemofiltration; f, prolonged mechanical ventilation; g, reintubation. 1, perioperative variables. ANN (1, 2, etc.), artificial neural network (one-layer, two-layer, etc.). AUC, area under the receiving operating characteristics curve for the validation sets; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft surgery; GBM, gradient-boosted machine; HTx, heart transplantation; k-NN, k-nearest neighbor; LGM, light gradient machine; LR, logistic regression; Mix, various cardiac surgery patients with/without heart transplantation; NB, Naïve Bayes; XGBoost, extreme gradient boosting.