Table 3. Area under the curve values in validation datasets for prediction of additional-, prolonged-, or re-intervention and/or care.
| Surgery | Datasets | Phasea | Model typeb (clinical score) | AUCc | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Training | Test | Category | Subtype | ||||
| Renal replacement and CVVH | |||||||
| Penny-Dimri et al. (61) | Mix | N/A | Preoperative | Conventional | LR (Cleveland Clinic) | 0.80d | |
| LR (Risk score) | 0.80d | ||||||
| LR (Risk score) | 0.81d | ||||||
| 77,322 | 19,331 | Preoperative | Advanced | LR | 0.82d | ||
| GBM | 0.83d | ||||||
| k-NN | 0.68d | ||||||
| ANN | 0.82d | ||||||
| Pre-, and intraoperative | Advanced | LR | 0.84d | ||||
| GBM | 0.85d | ||||||
| k-NN | 0.69d | ||||||
| ANN | 0.84 d | ||||||
| Bent et al. (66) | CABG + valve surgery | 30 | 35 | Perioperative | Advanced | LR | 0.89e |
| ANN | 0.90e | ||||||
| Prolonged mechanical ventilation and reintubation | |||||||
| Wise et al. (71) | CABG | N/A | Preoperative | Conventional | LR | 0.698f | |
| 590 | 148 | Preoperative | Advanced | ANN | 0.714f | ||
| Mendes et al. (22) | CABG | 1,053 | 262 | Pre-, intra-, postoperative | Advanced | LR | 0.67f |
| ANN | 0.72f | ||||||
| LR | 0.62g | ||||||
| ANN | 0.65g | ||||||
| Length of stay | |||||||
| Rowan et al. (72) | Mix | 480 | 240 | Pre-, intra-, postoperative | Advanced | Ensemble ANNs | 0.901 |
| Barbini et al. (73) | CABG + valve surgery | 2,605 | 651 | Pre-, intra-, postoperative | Advanced | NB | 0.859 |
| Meyfroidt et al. (70) | Mix | N/A | Preoperative | Conventional | LR (EuroSCORE I) | 0.726 | |
| Pre-, intra-, postoperative | Nurses’ prediction | 0.695 | |||||
| Physician’s prediction | 0.758 | ||||||
| 461 | 499 | Advanced | Gaussian processes | 0.758 | |||
| 30-day readmission | |||||||
| Manyam et al. (74) | CABG | 1,042 | 261 | Time-independent1 | Advanced | XGBoost | 0.627 |
| Time-dependent + time-independent1 | Advanced | XGBoost | 0.868 | ||||
| Engoren et al. (75) | CABG | 2,644 | 2,711 | Pre-, intra-, postoperative | Advanced | LR | 0.644 |
| Genetic programs | 0.654 | ||||||
| ANN | 0.537 | ||||||
| Graft failure at 5 years | |||||||
| Agasthi et al. (32) | HTx | 12,189 | 3,047 | Pre-, intra-, postoperative | Advanced | GBM | 0.716 |
a, perioperative phase: pre-, intra, postoperative used variables in prediction models; b, distinction between conventional and advanced models is explained in the methods section; c, definitions of both the AUC and C-index is given in the methods section; d, need for renal replacement therapy; e, need for early continuous venovenous hemofiltration; f, prolonged mechanical ventilation; g, reintubation. 1, perioperative variables. ANN (1, 2, etc.), artificial neural network (one-layer, two-layer, etc.). AUC, area under the receiving operating characteristics curve for the validation sets; CABG, coronary artery bypass graft surgery; GBM, gradient-boosted machine; HTx, heart transplantation; k-NN, k-nearest neighbor; LGM, light gradient machine; LR, logistic regression; Mix, various cardiac surgery patients with/without heart transplantation; NB, Naïve Bayes; XGBoost, extreme gradient boosting.