Table 1.
Differences in antibiotic use in primary care, Andalusia, Spain 2019/2021
| Antibiotic | Quarter 2 (Apr–Jun), n = 26 |
Quarter 3 (Jul–Sept), n = 26 |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2019 (DID) | 2020 (DID) | Difference (%) | p-value | 2019 (DID) | 2020 (DID) | Difference (%) | p-value | |
| Total antibiotics (J01) | 12.80 | 8.10 | –36.8 | <0.0001 | 10.46 | 8.22 | –21.4 | <0.0001 |
| Penicillins | 7.74 | 4.54 | –41.3 | <0.0001 | 6.37 | 4.67 | –26.7 | <0.0001 |
| Amoxicillin | 3.88 | 1.72 | –55.6 | <0.0001 | 2.91 | 1.77 | –39.3 | <0.0001 |
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate | 3.49 | 2.55 | –27.0 | <0.0001 | 3.10 | 2.63 | –15.1 | <0.0001 |
| Cephalosporins | 1.10 | 0.83 | –24.6 | <0.0001 | 0.93 | 0.88 | –4.9 | 0.006 |
| Cefuroxime | 0.82 | 0.58 | –29.1 | <0.0001 | 0.69 | 0.63 | –8.6 | <0.0001 |
| Macrolides | 1.62 | 0.83 | –48.6 | <0.0001 | 1.13 | 0.81 | –28.4 | <0.0001 |
| Azithromycin | 1.14 | 0.58 | –49.4 | <0.0001 | 0.73 | 0.53 | –27.9 | <0.0001 |
| Quinolones | 1.25 | 0.87 | –30.5 | <0.0001 | 1.02 | 0.87 | –14.3 | <0.0001 |
| Levofloxacin | 0.56 | 0.26 | –53.4 | <0.0001 | 0.36 | 0.26 | –28.6 | <0.0001 |
| Fosfomycin-trometamol |
0.38 |
0.38 |
2.2 |
0.54 |
0.40 |
0.40 |
2.2 |
0.008 |
| Antibiotic |
Quarter 4 (Oct–Dec), n = 26 |
Quarter 1 (Jan–Mar), n = 26 |
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| 2019 (DID) |
2020 (DID) |
Difference (%) |
p-value |
2020 (DID) |
2021 (DID) |
Difference (%) |
p-value |
|
| Total antibiotics (J01) | 12.92 | 8.74 | –32.4 | <0.0001 | 14.58 | 9.25 | –36.6 | <0.0001 |
| Penicillins | 7.64 | 4.55 | –40.4 | <0.0001 | 8.45 | 4.70 | –44.3 | <0.0001 |
| Amoxicillin | 3.85 | 1.81 | –53.1 | <0.0001 | 4.38 | 1.82 | –58.4 | <0.0001 |
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate | 3.43 | 2.51 | –26.9 | <0.0001 | 3.74 | 2.64 | –29.4 | <0.0001 |
| Cephalosporins | 1.13 | 0.96 | –15.0 | <0.0001 | 1.27 | 0.99 | –21.9 | <0.0001 |
| Cefuroxime | 0.84 | 0.66 | –20.7 | <0.0001 | 0.93 | 0.69 | –26.0 | <0.0001 |
| Macrolides | 1.71 | 1.12 | –34.5 | <0.0001 | 2.11 | 1.20 | –43.3 | <0.0001 |
| Azithromycin | 1.23 | 0.80 | –34.6 | <0.0001 | 1.61 | 0.86 | –46.3 | <0.0001 |
| Quinolones | 1.28 | 0.95 | –26.0 | <0.0001 | 1.54 | 1.01 | –34.6 | <0.0001 |
| Levofloxacin | 0.60 | 0.34 | –43.5 | <0.0001 | 0.83 | 0.38 | –54.2 | <0.0001 |
| Fosfomycin-trometamol | 0.38 | 0.39 | 2.6 | 0.014 | 0.38 | 0.41 | 7.3 | <0.0001 |
DID, defined daily doses per 1000 inhabitants; n, number of primary healthcare districts. Penicillins: antiinfectives classified in the group J01C, including amoxicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanate; cephalosporins: antiinfectives classified in the group J01D, including cefuroxime; macrolides: antiinfectives classified in the group J01F, including azithromycin; quinolones: antiinfectives classified in the group J01M, including levofloxacin.