2. Characteristics of interventions in included studies.
| Study |
Follow‐up (months) |
Setting; provision intervention | Time period intervention (months); duration of sessions | Included components with iterative process |
| Benzo 2016 | 12 | Outpatient clinic | 12; 2 FTF individual sessions (first visit 120 min, second visit not reported) and 6 phone calls (mean duration 28.6 min (SD 10.0). |
Self‐recognition of COPD exacerbations Use of a COPD exacerbation action plan Home‐based exercise or physical activity component Coping with breathlessness |
| Bischoff 2012 | 24 | General practice | 24; 2‐4 FTF individual sessions (60 min each) scheduled in 4 to 6 consecutive weeks, 6 phone calls |
Smoking cessation (optional) Self‐recognition of COPD exacerbations Use of a COPD exacerbation action plan: Home‐based exercise or physical activity component (optional) Diet COPD medication intake (i.e. adherence, inhalation technique) Coping with breathlessness Managing anxiety and stress |
| Bösch 2007 | 12 | Outpatient clinic; (University) hospital |
12; 4 FTF group sessions (120 min each) and final session scheduled 6 weeks later |
Smoking cessation (optional) Self‐recognition of COPD exacerbations Use of a COPD exacerbation action plan Home‐based exercise or physical activity component Diet COPD medication intake (i.e. adherence, inhalation technique) Coping with breathlessness Leisure activities and travelling |
| Bourbeau 2003 | 12 (24*) | (University) hospital | 12; 7 FTF individual sessions (60 min each) scheduled in 7 to 8 consecutive weeks, 18 phone calls |
Self‐recognition of COPD exacerbations Use of a COPD exacerbation action plan Home‐based exercise or physical activity component (optional) Diet COPD medication intake (i.e. adherence, inhalation technique) Coping with breathlessness Leisure activities and travelling Energy conservation during day‐by‐day activities Relaxation exercises Adopting a healthy lifestyle Long‐term oxygen (optional) |
| Bringsvor 2018 | 3 | Meeting locations in the participants’ municipalities. | 2.5; 11 FTF group sessions (120 min) scheduled weekly |
Smoking cessation (optional) Self‐recognition of COPD exacerbations Use of a COPD exacerbation action plan Home‐based exercise or physical activity component Diet COPD medication intake (i.e. adherence, inhalation technique) Coping with breathlessness Psychological issues Information about the healthcare system, including local, regional and national “offers” for persons with COPD |
| Bucknall 2012 | 12 | Home‐based | 12; 4 FTF individual sessions (40 min each) in 2 months, at least 6 subsequent home visits, 828 phone calls intervention group |
Smoking cessation Self‐recognition of COPD exacerbations Use of a COPD exacerbation action plan Diet (optional) COPD medication intake (i.e. adherence, inhalation technique) Coping with breathlessness |
| Coultas 2005a | 6 | Home‐based | 6; 1 FTF individual session (mean duration 64 min (SD 23.1) and mean 6 (SD 1.8) phone calls (mean duration 10 min (SD 5.4) |
Smoking cessation (optional) Self‐recognition of COPD exacerbations (optional) Use of a COPD exacerbation action plan (optional) COPD medication intake (i.e. adherence, inhalation technique) (optional) |
| Coultas 2005b | 6 | Home‐based | 6; 1 FTF individual session (mean duration 64 min (SD 23.1) and mean 6 (SD 1.8) phone calls (mean duration 10 min (SD 5.4) |
Smoking cessation (optional) Self‐recognition of COPD exacerbations (optional) Use of a COPD exacerbation action plan (optional) COPD medication intake (i.e. adherence, inhalation technique) (optional) |
| Emery 1998 | 2.5 | Rehabilitation centre; (University) hospital |
2.5; 26 FTF group sessions (16 lectures of 60 min and 10 management sessions of 60 min) |
Self‐recognition of COPD exacerbations COPD medication intake (i.e. adherence, inhalation technique) Coping with breathlessness Relaxation exercises Coping skills training |
| Fan 2012 | 12# | Outpatient clinic | 12; 4 FTF individual sessions (90 min each) scheduled weekly, 1 FTF group session, 6 phone calls (duration not specified) |
Self‐recognition of COPD exacerbations Use of a COPD exacerbation action plan COPD medication intake (i.e. adherence, inhalation technique) |
| Ferrone 2019 | 12 | General practice | 9; 2 FTF individual sessions (first visit 60 min (baseline evaluation) and 5 to 7 min (encounter with physician) and second visit after 3 months of 45 min) and either a phone call or FTF visit at 6 and 9 months (15 to 30 min each) |
Smoking cessation (optional) Self‐recognition of COPD exacerbations Use of a COPD exacerbation action plan Home‐based exercise or physical activity component COPD medication intake (i.e. adherence, inhalation technique) Coping with breathlessness |
| Gallefoss 1999 | 12 | Outpatient clinic | 1‐2; 1 or 2 FTF individual sessions by a nurse and 1 or 2 by physiotherapist (40 min each), 2 FTF group sessions (120 min each) |
Smoking cessation (optional) Self‐recognition of COPD exacerbations COPD medication intake (i.e. adherence, inhalation technique) Coping with breathlessness |
| Hernández 2015 | 12 (84$) | Outpatient clinic; (University) hospital |
12; Participants with no mobility problems: 1 FTF individual session (40 min) at home by primary care team, 3 FTF group sessions at outpatient clinic (2 x 90 min, 1 x 120 min) Participants with mobility problems: 4 FTF individual sessions (15 min each), 1 FTF individual session (120 min) or 1 FTF group session (40 min), all at home by primary care team All participants: Web based calls at least once per month (15 min each) |
Smoking cessation (optional) Self‐recognition of COPD exacerbations Use of a COPD exacerbation action plan Home‐based exercise or physical activity component Diet COPD medication intake (i.e. adherence, inhalation technique) Coping with breathlessness Comorbid condition (no further explanation regarding the content) |
| Johnson‐Warrington 2016 | 3 | (University) hospital; Home‐based |
3; 1 FTF individual session (30 to 45 min) and 6 phone calls (5 to 20 min each) |
Smoking cessation (optional) Self‐recognition of COPD exacerbations Use of a COPD exacerbation action plan Home‐based exercise or physical activity component COPD medication intake (i.e. adherence, inhalation technique) Coping with breathlessness |
| Jolly 2018 | 12 | General practice; Home‐based |
5.5; 4 individual phone calls (first call 35 to 60 min, other calls 15 to 20 min) scheduled at 3, 7 and 11 weeks |
Smoking cessation (optional) Self‐recognition of COPD exacerbations (optional) Use of a COPD exacerbation action plan (optional) Home‐based exercise or physical activity component COPD medication intake (i.e. adherence, inhalation technique) |
| Jonsdottir 2015 | 12 | Clinical research centre located on a university‐hospital | 1‐2; 1 FTF group session (120 min), 3 to 4 FTF individual sessions (30 to 45 min), and 4 phone calls (5 to 10 min each) |
Smoking cessation (optional) Self‐recognition of COPD exacerbations Home‐based exercise or physical activity component Diet COPD medication intake (i.e. adherence, inhalation technique) Coping with breathlessness Utilization of health care Prevent further decline of disease within the aim of enhancing health of patient and family Coping with feelings of shame and guilt |
| Kessler 2018 | 12 | Outpatient clinic Home‐based |
12; 1 FTF group session (90 to 120 min), 4 FTF individual sessions (60 to 90 min), and multiple phone calls (duration not specified) |
Smoking cessation (optional) Self‐recognition of COPD exacerbations Use of a COPD exacerbation action plan Home‐based exercise or physical activity component (optional) Diet COPD medication intake (i.e. adherence, inhalation technique) Coping with breathlessness |
| Lenferink 2019 | 12 | (University) hospital | 12; 2‐3 FTF group sessions (120 to 240 min), 2 FTF individual sessions (60 min), and 3 phone calls (10 to 15 min each) |
Self‐recognition of COPD exacerbations Use of a COPD exacerbation action plan COPD medication intake (i.e. adherence, inhalation technique) Coping with breathlessness Self‐recognition of increase in in comorbid symptoms and use of an action plan for these comorbidities (CHF, IHD, anxiety and depression) |
| Liang 2019 | 12 | General practice | 2; 3 FTF individual sessions (duration not specified), and 9 phone calls (duration not specified) |
Smoking cessation (optional) Home‐based exercise or physical activity component COPD medication intake (i.e. adherence, inhalation technique) |
| Martin 2004 | 12 | General practice; (University) hospital; Home‐based; Ambulance service |
12 4 FTF individual sessions and respiratory nurse visits at 3, 6 and 12 months |
Use of a COPD exacerbation action plan COPD medication intake (i.e. adherence, inhalation technique) Guidance regarding treatment for coexisting conditions (e.g. when/how to use oxygen therapy, and when to use diuretics) |
| Mitchell 2014 | 6 | General practice; Home‐based |
1; 1 FTF individual session (30 to 45 min) by a physiotherapist and 2 phone calls (duration not specified) |
Smoking cessation (optional) Self‐recognition of COPD exacerbations Use of a COPD exacerbation action plan Home‐based exercise or physical activity component Management of psychological consequences (e.g. dealing with anger, depression, disease acceptance) |
| Rice 2010 | 12 | Outpatient clinic | 12; 1 FTF group session (60 to 90 min) by a respiratory therapist case manager, 12 monthly phone calls (10 to 15 min each) |
Smoking cessation (optional) Self‐recognition of COPD exacerbations Use of a COPD exacerbation action plan COPD medication intake (i.e. adherence, inhalation technique) |
| Rose 2018 | 12 | Outpatient clinic | 12; 1 FTF individual session (40 min), 21 phone calls (duration not specified) |
Smoking cessation (optional) Self‐recognition of COPD exacerbations Use of a COPD exacerbation action plan COPD medication intake (i.e. adherence, inhalation technique) Advance care planning |
| Sanchez‐Nieto 2016 | 12 | (University) hospital | 3; 1 FTF group session (40 min), and 3 FTF individual sessions (20 min each) |
Self‐recognition of COPD exacerbations Use of a COPD exacerbation action plan Home‐based exercise or physical activity component COPD medication intake (i.e. adherence, inhalation technique) |
| Tabak 2014 | 9 | Outpatient clinic; Primary care physiotherapy practices |
9; 2 FTF group sessions (90 min each) by a nurse practitioner, 1 FTF individual session and 1 x intake by the physiotherapist, additional meetings after 1, 3, 6 and 9 months |
Smoking cessation (optional) Self‐recognition of COPD exacerbations Use of a COPD exacerbation action plan Home‐based exercise or physical activity component |
| Titova 2015 | 24 | Home‐based | 24; 6 FTF individual sessions (1 x at discharge, 5 x home visits at 3 and 14 days, and at 6, 12, 24 months) by the specialist nurse, 1 e‐learning programme (15 min), at least 24 phone calls |
Self‐recognition of COPD exacerbations Use of a COPD exacerbation action plan Coping with breathlessness |
| Walters 2013 | 12 | Home‐based | 12; 16 individual phone calls (30 min each) |
Smoking cessation (optional) Self‐recognition of COPD exacerbations Use of a COPD exacerbation action plan Home‐based exercise or physical activity component (optional) Diet (optional) COPD medication intake (i.e. adherence, inhalation technique) (optional) Alcohol (optional) Psychosocial (optional) |
| Wang 2019 | 12 | (University) hospital | 3; 5 to 6 FTF individual sessions (45 min each), 3 home visits (45 to 60 min each), and weekly phone calls scheduled over 3 months (10 to 15 min each) |
Smoking cessation (optional) Home‐based exercise or physical activity component COPD medication intake (i.e. adherence, inhalation technique) Coping with breathlessness Respiratory muscle training (pursed lip breathing and abdominal breathing) Coughing techniques Long‐term home oxygen therapy (optional) |
COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; FTF: face‐to‐face; min: minute(s)
*Second year data based on provincial health insurance and hospitalisation database records; #study was terminated early after a mean follow‐up time of 250 days; $two groups were passively followed up for 6 additional years; anurse‐assisted medical management intervention group; bnurse‐assisted collaborative management intervention group