4. Subgroup analyses.
| HRQoL | Respiratory‐related hospital admissions | All‐cause mortality | ||||
| Group description | Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 1 | Group 2 | Group 1 | Group 2 |
| Duration of intervention: 1. Short (< 8 weeks) versus 2. Long (≥ 8 weeks) |
2* | 12* | 2* | 13* | 3 | 21 |
| COPD stability at inclusion: 1. Acute; versus 2. Stable |
2* | 7* | 3 | 8 | 4 | 14 |
| Income country: 1. Low/medium; versus 2. High |
1* | 13* | 0* | 15* | 1* | 23* |
| Care setting intervention: 1. Primary; versus 2. Secondary/tertiary |
7 | 6 | 5 | 9 | 10 | 13 |
| COPD exacerbation action plan component: 1. Yes; versus 2. No |
11 | 3 | 15* | 0* | 21 | 3 |
| Home‐based exercise/physical activity component: 1. Yes; versus 2. No |
8 | 6 | 8 | 7 | 15 | 9 |
| Smoking cessation component: 1. Yes; versus 2. No |
9 | 5 | 6 | 9 | 13 | 11 |
| Diet component: 1. Yes; versus 2. No |
6 | 8 | 4 | 11 | 7 | 17 |
| Medication component: 1. Yes; versus 2. No |
13* | 1* | 10 | 5 | 19 | 5 |
| Coping with breathlessness component: 1. Yes; versus 2. No |
9 | 5 | 8 | 7 | 13 | 11 |
| Self‐recognition of COPD exacerbations component: 1. Yes; versus 2. No |
12* | 2* | 13* | 2* | 19 | 5 |
| Use of digital technology: 1. Yes; versus 2. No |
2* | 12* | 3 | 12 | 3 | 21 |
| Integration of BCT clusters: 1. 2 BCTs; versus 2. > 2 BCTs |
1* | 14* | 1* | 15* | 2* | 23* |
| Integration of BCT clusters: 1. ≤ median of 4; versus 2. > median of 4 |
4 | 10 | 5 | 10 | 10 | 14 |
BCT: behaviour change technique; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; HRQoL: health‐related quality of life
*Subgroup analysis could not be performed because of an insufficient number of studies in one of the subgroups.