Emery 1998.

Study characteristics
Methods	Design: RCT Follow‐up: 2.5 months Control group: usual care
Participants	Recruitment: announcements, word of mouth, advertisements in weekly newspapers for older adults and physician referral Eligible: 92 Randomly assigned: SM: 25; UC: 25 Completed: SM: 23; UC: 25 Mean age: SM: 67.4 (SD 5.9) years; UC: 67.4 (SD 7.1) years Gender (% male): SM: 40; UC: 48 COPD diagnosis: airflow obstruction demonstrated on spirometry (i.e. the FEV1/FVC) Inclusion of participants in acute phase: yes, during hospitalisation Major inclusion criteria: stable COPD; > 50 years; FEV1/VC < 70; > six months of clinical symptoms of COPD Major exclusion criteria: significant cardiac disease; other diseases affecting exercise tolerance or learning skills last three months; asthma without fixed obstruction
Interventions	Mode: group education sessions Duration: 26 face‐to‐face group sessions (16 lectures of 60 min and 10 management sessions of 60 min) Professional: clinical psychologist Assignment of case managers: not reported Self‐management components: self‐recognition of COPD exacerbations, COPD medication intake (i.e. adherence, inhalation technique), coping with breathlessness, relaxation exercises, coping skills training Self‐management topics: not reported Behavioural change techniques: 3 clusters: goals and planning, feedback and monitoring, regulation and substitution
Outcomes	1. Health status 2. SIP 3. HRQoL‐MHLC 4. Health knowledge test 5. FEV₁ % predicted
Notes	We disregarded the third arm because it was focused on pulmonary rehabilitation. Source of funding: this work was supported by grants from the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute (HL45290) and the National Institute on Aging (AG00029). Conflict of interest: not reported