Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of the Study Participants
| Characteristic | Total (n=14,502) | Men (n=5,432) | Women (n=9,070) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic and clinical parameters | |||
| Age, yr | 49.9±16.2 | 49.7±16.5 | 50.1±16.0 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 23.6±3.3 | 23.9±3.1 | 23.4±3.4 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 80.7±9.9 | 84.0±8.9 | 78.7±9.9 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 117.3±17.6 | 118.9±16.0 | 116.4±18.6 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mm Hg | 74.3±10.4 | 76.2±10.4 | 73.2±10.2 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1,404 (9.7) | 599 (11.0) | 805 (8.9) |
| Hypertension | 4,148 (28.7) | 1,649 (30.3) | 2,499 (27.6) |
| Metabolic syndrome | 4,355 (30.0) | 1,583 (29.1) | 2,772 (30.6) |
|
| |||
| Laboratory parameters | |||
| Fasting glucose, mg/dL | 97.5±22.9 | 99.6±25.1 | 96.3±21.4 |
| Fasting insulin, μIU/mL | 9.9±5.5 | 9.9±5.4 | 10.0±5.6 |
| HOMA-IR | 2.5±2.1 | 2.5±1.7 | 2.4±2.3 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dL | 188.3±35.7 | 186.5±35.0 | 189.4±36.1 |
| HDL-C, mg/dL | 51.7±12.3 | 48.0±11.4 | 53.9±12.3 |
| LDL-C, mg/dL | 113.7±31.2 | 113.8±31.0 | 113.7±31.2 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dL | 127.5±90.1 | 147.0±194.6 | 115.7±77.8 |
| AST, IU/L | 21.4±9.3 | 23.4±11.0 | 20.2±7.9 |
| ALT, IU/L | 20.6±15.1 | 25.6±17.8 | 17.6±12.2 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.82±0.24 | 0.98±0.24 | 0.72±0.18 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 87.9±17.6 | 85.0±16.1 | 89.6±18.2 |
|
| |||
| Anthropometric parameters | |||
| Total fat mass, kg | 16.7±5.6 | 14.3±5.3 | 18.1±5.4 |
| Total fat percentage, % | 27.2±7.6 | 20.4±5.5 | 31.2±5.6 |
| Leg fat mass, kg | 5.5±1.9 | 4.3±1.6 | 6.2±1.7 |
| Leg fat to total fat ratio | 0.33±0.06 | 0.31±0.05 | 0.35±0.07 |
| Arm fat mass, kg | 2.0±0.7 | 1.6±0.6 | 2.3±0.7 |
| Arm fat to total fat ratio | 0.12±0.02 | 0.11±0.02 | 0.13±0.06 |
| Appendicular fat mass, kg | 7.5±2.6 | 5.9±2.1 | 8.5±2.3 |
| Appendicular fat to total fat ratio | 0.46±0.07 | 0.42±0.06 | 0.48±0.07 |
| Appendicular skeletal muscle mass, kg | 18.3±4.8 | 23.3±3.5 | 15.3±2.2 |
| Sarcopenia index | 0.78±0.19 | 0.98±0.13 | 0.66±0.09 |
|
| |||
| Hepatic steatosis panel | |||
| Comprehensive NAFLD score | 30.5±30.8 | 38.2±31.7 | 25.9±29.3 |
| Liver fat score | −1.2±1.5 | −1.0±1.4 | −1.3±1.5 |
| Hepatic steatosis index | 32.4±5.0 | 32.6±5.4 | 32.3±4.8 |
|
| |||
| Proportion of NAFLD | |||
| Comprehensive NAFLD score | 4,291 (32.7) | 2,117 (42.7) | 2,174 (26.7) |
| Liver fat score | 4,158 (28.7) | 1,787 (32.9) | 2,371 (26.1) |
| Hepatic steatosis index | 3,153 (21.7) | 1,328 (24.4) | 1,825 (20.1) |
Values are expressed as mean±standard deviation or number (%).
BMI, body mass index; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine transaminase; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.