Table 1.
Baseline characteristics distribution by region of enrolment
| Variable | Region | P value* | ||||
| Europe (N=29 876) |
Asia (N=13 821) |
Latin America (N=4247) |
North America (N=1619) |
Other countries (N=2455) |
||
| Sex, n (%) | ||||||
| Male | 16 313 (54.6) | 8199 (59.3) | 2231 (52.5) | 885 (54.7) | 1403 (57.2) | <0.001 |
| Female | 13 563 (45.4) | 5622 (40.7) | 2016 (47.5) | 734 (45.3) | 1051 (42.8) | |
| Age, median (Q1; Q3), years | 72.0 (64.0; 79.0) | 69.0 (60.0; 76.0) | 71.0 (63.0; 79.0) | 72.0 (64.0; 80.0) | 67.0 (59.0; 75.0) | <0.001 |
| Age, n (%), years | ||||||
| <65 | 8016 (26.8) | 4980 (36.0) | 1258 (29.6) | 441 (27.2) | 996 (40.6) | <0.001 |
| 65–69 | 4578 (15.3) | 2165 (15.7) | 628 (14.8) | 237 (14.6) | 407 (16.6) | |
| 70–74 | 5183 (17.3) | 2399 (17.4) | 708 (16.7) | 257 (15.9) | 384 (15.6) | |
| ≥75 | 12 099 (40.5) | 4277 (30.9) | 1653 (38.9) | 684 (42.2) | 668 (27.2) | |
| Race/ethnicity, n (%) | ||||||
| Caucasian | 27 934 (96.9) | 13 (0.1) | 957 (23.1) | 1421 (90.5) | 1672 (70.3) | <0.001 |
| Hispanic/Latino | 344 (1.2) | 0 (0.0) | 3000 (72.5) | 35 (2.2) | 14 (0.6) | |
| Asian | 160 (0.6) | 13 789 (99.8) | 11 (0.3) | 11 (0.7) | 305 (12.8) | |
| Black/mixed/other | 394 (1.4) | 16 (0.1) | 172 (4.2) | 103 (6.6) | 386 (16.2) | |
| BMI, median (Q1; Q3), kg/m² | 28.0 (25.1; 31.8) | 24.2 (22.0; 26.6) | 27.9 (24.8; 31.6) | 29.4 (25.4; 34.0) | 29.8 (26.0; 34.3) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, median (Q1; Q3), mm Hg | 135.0 (120.0; 147.0) | 130.0 (118.0; 140.0) | 130.0 (120.0; 141.0) | 130.0 (118.0; 143.0) | 132.5 (120.0; 148.0) | <0.001 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, median (Q1; Q3), mm Hg | 80.0 (71.0; 90.0) | 78.0 (70.0; 86.0) | 80.0 (70.0; 86.0) | 78.0 (68.0; 86.0) | 80.0 (70.0; 90.0) | <0.001 |
| Pulse, median (Q1; Q3), bpm | 85.0 (70.0;108.0) | 82.0 (70.0; 98.0) | 80.0 (70.0; 102.0) | 89.0 (72.0; 117.0) | 98.0 (80.0; 122.0) | <0.001 |
| Type of atrial fibrillation, n (%) | ||||||
| Permanent | 4587 (15.4) | 1108 (8.0) | 666 (15.7) | 35 (2.2) | 234 (9.5) | <0.001 |
| Persistent | 4313 (14.4) | 2505 (18.1) | 625 (14.7) | 100 (6.2) | 210 (8.6) | |
| Paroxysmal | 7375 (24.7) | 5165 (37.4) | 1086 (25.6) | 345 (21.3) | 333 (13.6) | |
| New onset (unclassified) | 13 598 (45.5) | 5042 (36.5) | 1870 (44.0) | 1137 (70.3) | 1678 (68.4) | |
| Care setting specialty at diagnosis, n (%) | ||||||
| Internal medicine/neurology/geriatrics | 7077 (23.7) | 1807 (13.1) | 654 (15.4) | 345 (21.3) | 560 (22.8) | <0.001 |
| Cardiology | 16 824 (56.3) | 11 571 (83.7) | 3184 (75.0) | 968 (59.9) | 1626 (66.2) | |
| Primary care/general practice | 5972 (20.0) | 442 (3.2) | 409 (9.6) | 304 (18.8) | 269 (11.0) | |
| Care setting location at diagnosis, n (%) | ||||||
| Hospital | 16 647 (55.7) | 10 112 (73.2) | 1792 (42.2) | 615 (38.1) | 1169 (47.6) | <0.001 |
| Office/anticoagulation clinic/thrombosis centre | 9804 (32.8) | 3366 (24.4) | 1404 (33.1) | 387 (23.9) | 957 (39.0) | |
| Emergency room | 3422 (11.5) | 342 (2.5) | 1051 (24.7) | 614 (38.0) | 329 (13.4) | |
| Medical history, n (%) | ||||||
| Heart failure | 6841 (22.9) | 3072 (22.2) | 951 (22.4) | 312 (19.3) | 563 (22.9) | 0.012 |
| Acute coronary syndromes | 3262 (11.0) | 1160 (8.4) | 433 (10.2) | 209 (13.0) | 469 (19.2) | <0.001 |
| Vascular disease | 8220 (27.7) | 2629 (19.2) | 791 (18.8) | 438 (27.4) | 737 (30.2) | <0.001 |
| Carotid occlusive disease | 1071 (3.6) | 251 (1.8) | 109 (2.6) | 56 (3.5) | 51 (2.1) | <0.001 |
| VTE | 995 (3.3) | 81 (0.6) | 102 (2.4) | 73 (4.6) | 104 (4.3) | <0.001 |
| Prior stroke/TIA/SE | 3445 (11.6) | 1400 (10.2) | 492 (11.7) | 165 (10.4) | 337 (13.9) | <0.001 |
| History of bleeding | 764 (2.6) | 222 (1.6) | 173 (4.1) | 76 (4.7) | 80 (3.3) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 23 740 (79.7) | 9353 (67.9) | 3420 (80.8) | 1229 (76.4) | 1862 (76.2) | <0.001 |
| Hypercholesterolaemia | 13 368 (46.3) | 3743 (27.7) | 1550 (38.6) | 940 (59.3) | 1354 (56.8) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 6359 (21.3) | 2976 (21.5) | 1041 (24.5) | 422 (26.1) | 744 (30.3) | <0.001 |
| Cirrhosis | 148 (0.5) | 96 (0.7) | 15 (0.4) | 14 (0.9) | 20 (0.8) | 0.003 |
| Moderate to severe CKD | 3606 (12.4) | 1052 (7.8) | 282 (7.2) | 142 (9.5) | 272 (11.3) | <0.001 |
| Dementia | 381 (1.3) | 246 (1.8) | 47 (1.1) | 34 (2.1) | 56 (2.3) | <0.001 |
| Heavy alcohol use, n (%) | 486 (1.9) | 365 (3.2) | 72 (1.8) | 36 (2.7) | 69 (3.1) | <0.001 |
| Current smoker, n (%) | 2786 (10.2) | 1595 (13.0) | 348 (8.5) | 180 (12.1) | 293 (12.5) | <0.001 |
| Treatment, n (%) | ||||||
| NOAC±AP | 8240 (28.1) | 3532 (25.7) | 900 (21.5) | 715 (44.7) | 725 (29.9) | <0.001 |
| VKA±AP | 13 042 (44.4) | 4119 (30.0) | 1666 (39.9) | 361 (22.6) | 995 (41.0) | |
| AP only | 5148 (17.5) | 3807 (27.7) | 1004 (24.0) | 302 (18.9) | 500 (20.6) | |
| None | 2922 (10.0) | 2282 (16.6) | 610 (14.6) | 220 (13.8) | 206 (8.5) | |
| AP treatment, n (%) | 9074 (30.9) | 5522 (40.2) | 1666 (39.9) | 706 (44.2) | 1135 (46.8) | <0.001 |
| CHA2DS2-VASc score, median (Q1; Q3) | 3.0 (2.0; 4.0) | 3.0 (2.0; 4.0) | 3.0 (2.0; 4.0) | 3.0 (2.0; 4.0) | 3.0 (2.0; 4.0) | <0.001 |
| HAS-BLED score, median (Q1; Q3)† | 1.0 (1.0; 2.0) | 1.0 (1.0; 2.0) | 1.0 (1.0; 2.0) | 2.0 (1.0; 2.0) | 1.0 (1.0; 2.0) | <0.001 |
| GARFIELD death score, median (Q1; Q3)‡ | 5.3 (3.1; 9.4) | 3.1 (1.8; 6.0) | 6.0 (3.5; 10.9) | 5.8 (3.1; 10.9) | 4.3 (2.5; 8.5) | <0.001 |
| GARFIELD stroke score, median (Q1; Q3)§ | 1.6 (1.1; 2.4) | 1.5 (1.0; 2.3) | 1.6 (1.1; 2.4) | 1.6 (1.1; 2.4) | 1.4 (0.9; 2.3) | <0.001 |
| GARFIELD bleeding score, median (Q1; Q3)¶ | 1.7 (1.1; 2.6) | 1.3 (0.9; 2.0) | 1.6 (1.0; 2.4) | 1.6 (1.0; 2.6) | 1.6 (1.0; 2.4) | <0.001 |
*P values for categorical variables obtained from χ2 or Fisher’s exact test, as appropriate. P value for continuous variables obtained from one-way ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis test, as appropriate.
†The risk factor ‘Labile INRs’ is not included in the HAS-BLED score as it is not collected at baseline. As a result, the maximum HAS-BLED score at baseline is 8 points (not 9).
‡Represent the risk of mortality within 2 years.
§Represent the risk of non-haemorrhagic stroke/SE within 2 years.
¶Represent the risk of major bleeding within 2 years.
ANOVA, analysis of variance; AP, antiplatelet; BMI, body mass index; CHA2DS2-VASc, Congestive Heart Failure, Hypertension, Age ≥75 [Doubled], Diabetes Mellitus, Prior Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack [Doubled], Vascular Disease, Age 65–74, Female; CKD, chronic kidney disease; GARFIELD, Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD; HAS-BLED, Hypertension, abnormal renal/liver function, stroke, bleeding history or anemia, Labile INR, age, and drugs/alcohol use.; INR, international normalized ratio; NOAC, non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant; SE, systemic embolism; TIA, transient ischaemic attack; VKA, vitamin K antagonist; VTE, venous thromboembolism.