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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jan 10.
Published in final edited form as: Science. 2020 Aug 20;369(6511):1633–1637. doi: 10.1126/science.abb9818

Fig. 1. DMF inhibits pyroptosis.

Fig. 1.

(A to F) BMDM treated as indicated and LDH, IL-1β, or TNF-α measured with [(A) to (C)] enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), (D) GSDMD/β-actin by immunoblotting, or [(E) and (F)] permeability of cells to SYTOX Orange. (G) GSDMD oligomerization in native and reduced cell lysates treated as above. (H and I) Time course of permeabilization to SYTOX Orange or GSDMD-N formation in cells treated as indicated. (J) Survival rates of WT mice after 50 mg/kg of LPS (n = 10 mice) or LPS+ DMF (n = 9 mice). (K and L) Serum IL-1β or TNF-α levels of WT mice 5 hours after intraperitoneal injection with 5 mg/kg LPS (n = 6 mice) or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) (n = 3 mice). (A) to (C) are pooled from three independent experiments. (D) to (I) are representative from three independent experiments. In (J) to (L), data points indicate individual mice. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001; ****P < 0.0001) [(J), Mantel–Cox survival analysis; (A) to (C) and (K), two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA)]. Error bars indicate means ± SEM.