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. 2022 Jan 10;19:13. doi: 10.1186/s12974-022-02378-1

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 6 — A Immunostained sections, showing activated astrocytes in the OB of the Control day 3 and Poly(I:C) day 3 groups (Scale bar = 100 μm). B Comparison of the GFAP⁺ cell counts at day 3 in the GML, GRL, and EPL between the groups. C Comparison of the GFAP⁺ cell counts at day 9 in the three described areas between the groups. D Comparison of the GFAP⁺ cell counts at day 21 in the three described areas between the groups. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann–Whitney U test, with P < 0.05 (*) and P < 0.01 (**) representing statistical significance. The error bars represent the standard error of the mean (n = 5). EPL external plexiform layer, GML glomerular layer, GRL granule layer, OB olfactory bulb, OSNs olfactory sensory neurons, Poly(I:C) polyinosinic–polycytidylic acid