Table 2.
Fathers’ sample characteristics at child-age 15 months by country
| Variable | US n = 1853 | Finland n = 1152 | Germany n = 285 | Sweden n = 1666 | p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n (%) or mean (SD) | n (%) or mean (SD) | n (%) or mean (SD) | n (%) or mean (SD) | |||
| Demographics: | ||||||
| Child sex: | 0.872 | |||||
| Female | 902 (48.7) | 565 (49.0) | 135 (47.4) | 828 (49.7) | ||
| Male | 951 (51.3) | 587 (51.0) | 150 (52.6) | 838 (50.3) | ||
| First-degree relative with type 1 diabetes: | < 0.001 | |||||
| No | 1686 (91.0) | 1079 (93.7) | 194 (68.1) | 1584 (95.1) | ||
| Yes | 167 (9.0) | 73 (6.3) | 91 (31.9) | 82 (4.9) | ||
| Child ethnic minority: | < 0.001 | |||||
| No | 1349 (72.8) | 1080 (93.8) | 240 (84.2) | 1536 (92.2) | ||
| Yes | 454 (24.5) | 30 (2.6) | 35 (12.3) | 104 (6.2) | ||
| Missing | 50 (2.7) | 42 (3.6) | 10 (3.5) | 26 (1.6) | ||
| First child: | < 0.001 | |||||
| No | 1116 (60.2) | 616 (53.5) | 143 (50.2) | 888 (53.3) | ||
| Yes | 721 (38.9) | 518 (45.0) | 132 (46.3) | 768 (46.1) | ||
| Missing | 16 (0.9) | 18 (1.5) | 10 (3.5) | 10 (0.6) | ||
| Parents living together: | 0.295 | |||||
| No | 25 (1.3) | 16 (1.4) | 1 (0.4) | 15 (0.9) | ||
| Yes | 1810 (97.7) | 1120 (97.2) | 274 (96.1) | 1640 (98.4) | ||
| Missing | 18 (1.0) | 16 (1.4) | 10 (3.5) | 11 (0.7) | ||
| Father’s education: | < 0.001 | |||||
| University | 1116 (60.2) | 590 (51.2) | 109 (38.2) | 647 (38.8) | ||
| Trade School | 378 (20.4) | 419 (36.4) | 131 (46.0) | 281 (16.9) | ||
| Basic Primary | 326 (17.6) | 101 (8.8) | 33 (11.6) | 721 (43.3) | ||
| Missing | 33 (1.8) | 42 (3.6) | 12 (4.2) | 17 (1.0) | ||
| Father’s age at child’s birth | 1820 | 1132 | 284 | 1656 | < 0.001 | |
| 33.6 (5.9) | 32.3 (5.8) | 35.3 (5.3) | 33.5 (5.4) | |||
| Study variables: | ||||||
| Number of staff member changes: | 1770 | 1115 | 240 | 1640 | < 0.001 | |
| 2.6 (1.3) | 1.1 (1.3) | 0.8 (0.8) | 0.3 (0.7) | |||
| Recruitment cohort: | < 0.001 | |||||
| Sept 2004-Feb 2009 | 1391 (75.1) | 952 (82.6) | 227 (79.6) | 1337 (80.3) | ||
| Mar 2009-Feb 2010 | 462 (24.9) | 200 (17.4) | 58 (20.4) | 329 (19.7) | ||
| Lifestyle variables: | ||||||
| Father smokes: | < 0.001 | |||||
| No | 1653 (89.2) | 844 (73.3) | 209 (73.3) | 1481 (88.9) | ||
| Yes | 182 (9.8) | 284 (24.7) | 66 (23.2) | 175 (10.5) | ||
| Missing | 18 (1.0) | 24 (2.1) | 10 (3.5) | 10 (0.6) | ||
| Father works outside home: | 0.006 | |||||
| No | 121 (6.5) | 103 (8.9) | 31 (10.9) | 151 (9.1) | ||
| Yes | 1693 (91.4) | 997 (86.5) | 244 (85.6) | 1503 (90.2) | ||
| Missing | 39 (2.1) | 52 (4.5) | 10 (3.5) | 12 (0.7) | ||
| Depression subscale: | 1849 | 1151 | 284 | 1665 | < 0.001 | |
| 2.3 (2.0) | 2.1 (1.8) | 2.0 (2.1) | 3.0 (1.9) | |||
| Paternal reaction to child’s type 1 diabetes risk: | ||||||
| Risk perception: | < 0.001 | |||||
| Underestimate | 1025 (55.3) | 533 (46.3) | 104 (36.5) | 895 (53.7) | ||
| Accurate | 825 (44.5) | 619 (53.7) | 180 (63.2) | 770 (46.2) | ||
| Missing | 3 (0.2) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.1) | ||
| Anxiety (STAI): | 1841 33.1 (10.9) | 1148 29.3 (7.7) | 279 35.0 (10.7) | 1654 31.7 (8.2) | < 0.001 | |
| Belief that child’s type 1 diabetes risk can be reduced: | 1850 4.9 (1.8) | 1151 5.2 (1.6) | 284 4.6 (1.8) | 1661 5.6 (1.4) | < 0.001 | |
Fathers Excluded: children not HLA eligible, children with positive islet autoantibodies, children with maternal islet autoantibodies at 3 or 6 month and children with no father study satisfaction measure at 15 months