Table 2.
Crude and multivariate-adjusted odds ratio for the association between individual characteristics and insomnia symptoms' profiles during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic.
| Insomnia symptoms |
|||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Crude ORa (95%CI) |
Adjusted ORa (95%CI) |
||||||||
| Stable mild | Decreasing moderate | Stable severe | Increasing severe | Stable mild | Decreasing moderate | Stable severe | Increasing severe | ||
| Gender | |||||||||
| Men | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Women | 1.52 (1.28–1.80) | 2.07 (1.72–2.48) | 3.08 (2.53–3.75) | 7.33 (4.46-12.05) | – | – | – | – | |
| Age (years) | |||||||||
| 16-39 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| 40-49 | 0.98 (0.80–1.21) | 1.09 (0.88–1.35) | 1.21 (0.98–1.26) | 0.84 (0.59–1.19) | – | – | – | – | |
| 50-59 | 0.93 (0.74–1.16) | 0.93 (0.73–1.17) | 0.92 (0.73–1.16) | 0.44 (0.28–0.69) | – | – | – | – | |
| ≥ 60 | 0.76 (0.60–0.97) | 0.83 (0.65–1.06) | 0.51 (0.39–0.67) | 0.30 (0.18–0.53) | – | – | – | – | |
| Education levelb | |||||||||
| University | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| High school | 1.14 (0.91–1.43) | 1.07 (0.85–1.35) | 1.21 (0.96–1.52) | 1.54 (1.07–2.23) | 1.21 (0.97–1.52) | 1.19 (0.94–1.51) | 1.40 (1.10–1.77) | 1.90 (1.35–2.77) | |
| ≤ Elementary | 1.25 (0.69–2.25) | 1.83 (1.04–3.20) | 1.68 (0.94–2.98) | 2.25 (0.97–5.22) | 1.46 (0.80–2.64) | 2.24 (1.27–3.97) | 2.35 (1.29–4.26) | 4.20 (1.75–10.05) | |
| Living aloneb | |||||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 1.06 (0.86–1.30) | 0.95 (0.76–1.18) | 0.97 (0.78–1.21) | 1.15 (0.80–1.66) | 1.06 (0.86–1.32) | 0.93 (0.74–1.16) | 0.99 (0.79–1.25) | 1.21 (0.83–1.76) | |
| Household with ≥ 1 childc | |||||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 0.94 (0.76–1.15) | 1.02 (0.83–1.26) | 1.11 (0.90–1.36) | 0.97 (0.68–1.40) | 0.88 (0.71–1.09) | 0.94 (0.76–1.18) | 0.96 (0.77–1.19) | 0.76 (0.52–1.11) | |
| Household with ≥ 1 person with chronic diseasec | |||||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 1.22 (1.03–1.44) | 1.32 (1.12–1.57) | 1.32 (1.11–1.56) | 1.59 (1.19–2.13) | 1.26 (1.06–1.49) | 1.36 (1.15–1.62) | 1.39 (1.17–1.67) | 1.77 (1.31–2.38) | |
| Perceived income adequacyd | |||||||||
| Comfortable | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Enough to make ends meet | 1.21 (1.01–1.45) | 1.29 (1.06–1.55) | 1.56 (1.29–1.90) | 1.44 (0.98–2.10) | 1.19 (0.99–1.43) | 1.27 (1.04–1.54) | 1.50 (1.23–1.83) | 1.32 (0.90–1.94) | |
| Cautious with expenses | 1.43 (1.14–1.79) | 1.81 (1.44–2.28) | 2.49 (1.97–3.14) | 3.62 (2.45–5.34) | 1.37 (1.09–1.74) | 1.79 (1.41–2.27) | 2.28 (1.79–2.91) | 3.31 (2.21–4.94) | |
| Insufficient | 1.35 (0.75–2.42) | 1.87 (1.05–3.32) | 2.53 (1.43–4.46) | 8.09 (4.06–16.14) | 1.40 (0.76–2.55) | 1.99 (1.10–3.61) | 2.60 (1.44–4.70) | 8.13 (3.93–16.84) | |
| Fear of SARS-CoV-2 infectione | |||||||||
| Never/occasionally | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Often/almost always/always | 2.11 (1.60–2.79) | 4.55 (3.49–5.92) | 7.47 (5.76-9.68) | 10.76 (7.59–15.26) | 2.03 (1.53–2.68) | 4.20 (3.21–5.49) | 6.60 (5.06–8.62) | 9.13 (6.36–13.11) | |
| SARS-CoV-2 infectionf | |||||||||
| No | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
| Yes | 0.72 (0.43–1.19) | 1.11 (0.69–1.77) | 1.20 (0.75–1.91) | 1.35 (0.64–2.87) | 0.65 (0.39–1.10) | 1.06 (0.66–1.72) | 1.19 (0.73–1.93) | 1.29 (0.57–2.89) | |
95%CI, 95% confidence interval, OR, odds ratio.
a
No insomnia as the reference category.
b
Multivariate model adjusted for gender and age.
c
Multivariate model adjusted for gender, age and education.
d
Multivariate model adjusted for gender, age, education and living alone.
e
Multivariate model adjusted for gender, age, education, household with ≥ 1 child; household with ≥1 person with chronic disease, perceived income adequacy and SARS-CoV-2 infection.
f
Multivariate model adjusted for gender, age, education, perceived income adequacy and living alone.