Table 2.
Univariate and multivariate analysis for the association of environmental factors and the risk of breast cancer.
| Factors | Cases | Controls | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| No. (%) | No. (%) | OR (95%CI) | P-value | ORadj (95%CI) | P-value | |
| Coarse grain (g/week) | ||||||
| <50 | 186 (56.2) | 224 (48.1) | 1.000 | |||
| ≥50 | 145 (43.8) | 242 (51.9) | 1.090 (0.739–1.608) | 0.663 | ||
| Vegetable (g/day) | ||||||
| <500 | 235 (59.8) | 209 (45.1) | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| ≥500 | 157 (40.2) | 254 (54.9) | 0.490 (0.335–0.715) | 0.000 | 0.576 (0.407–0.816) | 0.002 |
| Garlic (time/week) | ||||||
| <1 | 270 (67.5) | 177 (37.9) | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| ≥1 | 131 (32.5) | 290 (62.1) | 0.444 (0.303–0.649) | 0.000 | 0.468 (0.331–0.662) | 0.000 |
| Pork (time/week) | ||||||
| <1 | 50 (12.5) | 97 (20.7) | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| ≥1 | 351 (87.5) | 372 (79.3) | 3.374 (1.090–5.907) | 0.000 | 2.956 (1.792–4.875) | 0.000 |
| Poultry (time/week) | ||||||
| <1 | 221 (54.9) | 196(41.9) | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| ≥1 | 181 (45.1) | 272(58.1) | 0.406 (0.270–0.610) | 0.000 | 0.411 (0.281–0.601) | 0.000 |
| Egg (No./week) | ||||||
| <3 | 169 (42.3) | 212(45.1) | 1.000 | |||
| ≥3 | 232 (57.8) | 258(54.9) | 1.108 (0.748–1.641) | 0.609 | ||
| Milk (times/week) | ||||||
| <3 | 294 (73.9) | 276 (59.1) | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| ≥3 | 104 (26.1) | 191 (40.9) | 0.378 (0.241–0.593) | 0.000 | 0.496 (0.335–0.732) | 0.000 |
| Sauerkraut (time/week) | ||||||
| <2 | 246 (61.3) | 261 (55.9) | 1.000 | |||
| ≥2 | 155 (38.7) | 207 (44.1) | 0.797 (0.608–1.064) | 0.102 | ||
| Soybean (time/week) | ||||||
| <1 | 66 (16.8) | 38 (8.1) | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| ≥1 | 327 (83.2) | 429 (91.9) | 0.436 (0.243–0.779) | 0.005 | 0.500 (0.291–0.859) | 0.012 |
| Coffee a | ||||||
| No | 374 (93.3) | 434 (92.5) | 1.000 | |||
| Yes | 27 (6.8) | 35 (7.5) | 0.614 (0.207-1.822) | 0.232 | ||
| Carbonated drinks b | ||||||
| No | 383 (96.2) | 440 (93.8) | 1.000 | |||
| Yes | 15 (3.8) | 29 (6.2) | 0.614 (0.207–1.822) | 0.380 | ||
| Juice b | ||||||
| No | 368 (92.4) | 431 (91.9) | 1.000 | |||
| Yes | 30(7.6) | 38(8.1) | 0.830 (0.362–1.903) | 0.660 | ||
| Tea (time/week) | ||||||
| <1 | 337 (84.2) | 397 (85.4) | 1.000 | |||
| ≥1 | 63 (15.8) | 68 (14.6) | 1.650 (0.945–2.881) | 0.078 | ||
| Smoking c | ||||||
| No | 347 (86.5) | 415 (88.5) | 1.000 | |||
| Yes | 54 (13.5) | 54 (11.5) | 1.402 (0.855–2.298) | 0.180 | ||
| Oral contraceptive | ||||||
| No | 344 (87.1) | 420 (89.7) | 1.000 | |||
| Yes | 52 (12.9) | 48 (10.3) | 1.527 (0.507–4.583) | 0.450 | ||
| Alcohol (time/week) | ||||||
| <1 | 23 (6.3) | 23 (5.3) | 1.000 | |||
| ≥1 | 344 (93.7) | 411 (94.7) | 1.239 (0.714–2.151) | 0.446 | ||
| Regular sportse (time/week) | ||||||
| <1 | 257 (64.6) | 253 (54.4) | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| ≥1 | 141 (35.4) | 212 (45.6) | 0.571 (0.375–0.870) | 0.009 | 0.604 (0.419–0.871) | 0.007 |
| Psychological stress score d | ||||||
| ≤15 | 69 (17.2) | 149 (32.1) | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| >15 | 332 (82.8) | 315 (67.9) | 1.635 (1.060–2.520) | 0.026 | 1.938 (1.293–2.903) | 0.001 |
| Menopause status | ||||||
| No | 184 (46.8) | 209 (44.5) | 1.000 | |||
| Yes | 208 (53.2) | 261 (55.5) | 0.877 (0.580–1.326) | 0.534 | ||
ORadj, odds ratio generated by multivariate logistic regression.
a
Coffee, Yes, drinking at least one cup per month for more than 3 months.
b
Carbonated drinks, Juice, Yes, drinking at least one cup per week for more than 3 months.
c
Smoking, Yes, smoking at least one per day for more than 6 weeks.
d
Psychological stress score was evaluated using psychosocial stress survey for groups (PSSG).
e
Regular sports, regular physical exercise such as walking, running, fitness exercise, swimming, and jumping rope.
The bold values represent the results with statistical significance.