Table 4.
Relationship between environmental factors exposures and OPRM1 methylation in breast cancer tissue DNA.
| Environmental factors | OPRM1 | Univariate analysis | Multivariate analysis | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Hypermethylation
no. (%) |
Hypomethylation
no. (%) |
OR (95%CI) | P-value | OR (95%CI) | P-value | |
| Regular menstruation | ||||||
| Yes | 141 (77.9) | 136 (76.1) | 1.000 | |||
| No | 40 (2.1) | 45 (24.9) | 0.857 (0.527–1.395) | 0.535 | ||
| Menopause status | ||||||
| Yes | 124 (68.5) | 108 (60.0) | 1.000 | |||
| No | 57 (31.5) | 72 (40.0) | 0.690 (0.447–1.395) | 0.092 | ||
| History of estrogen therapy | ||||||
| No | 8 (4.3) | 20 (10.8) | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| Yes | 179 (95.7) | 165 (89.2) | 2.712 (1.163–6.325) | 0.021 | 2.368 (0.916–6.118) | 0.075 |
| History of breast disease a | ||||||
| No | 125 (68.7) | 127 (71.3) | 1.000 | |||
| Yes | 57 (31.3) | 51 (28.7) | 1.136 (0.723-1.783) | 0.581 | ||
| Fine grain (g/day) | ||||||
| ≤20 | 103 (56.0) | 110 (60.4) | 1.000 | |||
| >20 | 81 (44.0) | 72 (39.6) | 1.201 (0.793–1.821) | 0.387 | ||
| Coarse grain (g/week) | ||||||
| ≤10 | 102 (55.7) | 93 (51.1) | 1.000 | |||
| >10 | 81 (44.3) | 81 (48.9) | 0.830 (0.550–1.253) | 0.375 | ||
| Fruit (g/week) | ||||||
| ≤1,000 | 85 (45.7) | 91 (50.0) | 1.000 | |||
| >1,000 | 101 (54.3) | 91 (50.0) | 1.188 (0.789–1.789) | 0.409 | ||
| Pork (g/week) | ||||||
| <250 | 110 (61.5) | 103 (56.9) | 1.000 | |||
| ≥250 | 69 (38.5) | 78 (43.1) | 0.828 (0.544–1.262) | 0.380 | ||
| Allium vegetable (times/week) | ||||||
| ≤3 | 123 (66.5) | 128 (70.7) | 1.000 | |||
| >3 | 62 (33.5) | 53 (29.3) | 1.087 (0.720–1.642) | 0.692 | ||
| Fat meat (time/month) | ||||||
| ≥1 | 116 (62.7) | 120 (64.9) | 1.000 | |||
| <1 | 69 (37.3) | 65 (35.1) | 0.911 (0.596–1.392) | 0.665 | ||
| Beef and mutton (time/month) | ||||||
| <1 | 99 (55.3) | 109 (60.2) | 1.000 | |||
| ≥1 | 80 (44.7) | 72 (39.8) | 1.223 (0.805–1.860) | 0.345 | ||
| Fresh seafood (time/month) | ||||||
| <1 | 156 (87.6) | 151 (83.4) | 1.000 | |||
| ≥1 | 22 (12.4) | 30 (16.6) | 0.846 (0.620–1.156) | 0.295 | ||
| Egg (times/week) | ||||||
| ≤3 | 73 (39.7) | 69 (37.5) | 1.000 | |||
| >3 | 111 (60.3) | 115 (62.5) | 0.912 (0.600–1.388) | 0.668 | ||
| Milk (time/week) | ||||||
| <1 | 120 (65.9) | 125 (70.6) | 1.000 | |||
| ≥1 | 62 (34.1) | 52 (29.4) | 1.242 (0.795–1.939) | 0.341 | ||
| Poultry (time/week) | ||||||
| <1 | 94 (52.2) | 104 (57.1) | 1.000 | |||
| ≥1 | 86 (47.8) | 78 (42.9) | 1.220 (0.806–1.846) | 0.347 | ||
| Fried food (time/month) | ||||||
| <1 | 125 (67.2) | 130 (70.9) | 1.000 | |||
| ≥1 | 61 (32.8) | 54 (29.3) | 1.175 (0.756–1.826) | 0.474 | ||
| Canned fruit (time/month) | ||||||
| <1 | 156 (83.4) | 148 (80.4) | 1.000 | |||
| ≥1 | 31 (16.6) | 36 (19.6) | 0.817 (0.481–1.388) | 0.455 | ||
| Marine fish (time/month) | ||||||
| <1 | 114 (63.0) | 114 (62.3) | 1.000 | |||
| ≥1 | 67 (37.0) | 69 (37.7) | 1.015 (0.865–1.190) | 0.857 | ||
| Vegetable (g/week) | ||||||
| ≤500 | 109 (58.9) | 123 (67.2) | 1.000 | |||
| >500 | 76 (41.1) | 60 (32.8) | 1.429 (0.934–2.187) | 0.100 | ||
| Soybean (time/week) | ||||||
| <1 | 40 (21.5) | 19 (10.3) | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| ≥1 | 146 (78.5) | 165 (89.7) | 0.420 (0.233–0.758) | 0.004 | 0.425 (0.231–0.781) | 0.006 |
| Sauerkraut (time/month) | ||||||
| <1 | 86 (46.2) | 88 (47.8) | 1.000 | |||
| ≥1 | 100 (53.8) | 96 (52.2) | 1.066 (0.709–1.603) | 0.759 | ||
| Overnight foodb (times/week) | ||||||
| ≤3 | 112 (60.9) | 111 (60.7) | 1.000 | |||
| >3 | 72 (39.1) | 72 (39.3) | 0.991 (0.652–1.507) | 0.967 | ||
| Smoking c | ||||||
| No | 160 (86.5) | 162 (88.5) | 1.000 | |||
| Yes | 25 (13.5) | 21 (11.5) | 1.205 (0.648–2.241) | 0.555 | ||
| Drinking (time/week) | ||||||
| <1 | 143 (81.2) | 145 (81.5) | 1.000 | |||
| ≥1 | 33 (18.8) | 33 (18.5) | 0.897 (0.673–1.195) | 0.457 | ||
| Regular sportsd (time/week) | ||||||
| <1 | 133(71.5) | 108 (60.3) | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||
| ≥1 | 53 (28.5) | 71 (39.7) | 0.606 (0.392–0.938) | 0.025 | 0.624 (0.399–0.976) | 0.039 |
| Honey (time/week) | ||||||
| <1 | 109 (58.9) | 113 (38.9) | 1.000 | |||
| ≥1 | 76 (41.1) | 72 (61.1) | 0.914 (0.603–1.385) | 0.671 | ||
| Tea (time/week) | ||||||
| ≥1 | 18 (9.7) | 22 (11.9) | 1.000 | |||
| <1 | 167 (90.3) | 163 (88.1) | 1.252 (0.648–2.421) | 0.504 | ||
a
History of estrogen therapy, including lobular hyperplasia, fibroadenoma, and breast cysts.
b
Overnight food, the vegetables, eggs, meat that have been cooked and left overnight.
c
Smoking, Yes, smoking at least one per day for more than 6 weeks.
d
Regular sports, regular physical exercise such as walking, running, fitness exercise, swimming, and jumping rope.
The bold values represent the results with statistical significance.