Table 3.
Application of exosomes in cancer therapy.
| Cancer | Application | Reference |
|---|---|---|
| Breast | Effective doxorubicin therapy using targeted iRGD-exosome delivery of doxorubicin | [170] |
| Breast | Exosomes loaded with miR-379 from engineered mesenchymal stem cells may reduce tumor activity | [171] |
| Bladder | Delivery of polo-like kinase-1 (PLK-1) siRNA containing exosomes to cancer cells decreases the PLK-1 mRNA | [172,173] |
| Glioma | Anti-survivin immunotherapy leads to decreased release of CD9+/GFAP+/SVN+ and CD9+/SVN+ exosomes which may be associated with longer progression-free survival | [174] |
| Glioma | miRNA-146b (anti-glioma miRNA) containing exosomes derived from marrow stromal cells may suppress glioma growth in vitro | [175] |
| Glioblastoma | Natural-killer-derived exosomes may stimulate T cell proliferation and promote the maturation of DCs | [176] |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | Exosomes enriched with miR-335-5p may decrease cancer growth and invasion | [177] |
| Hepatocellular carcinoma | Dendritic cell-derived exosomes (DEXs) promote natural killer cell and T cell activation and proliferation | [178,179] |
| Leukemia | Tumor-derived exosomes (TEXs) carry tumor-associated antigens that trigger tumor antigen-specific immune response | [180] |
| Lymphoma | TNF-alpha-related-apoptosis-inducing-ligand (TRAIL)—armed exosomes may promote apoptosis in cancer cells | [181] |
| Murine Lewis lung carcinoma | Paclitaxel (PTX) loaded exosomes (exoPTX) increased cytotoxicity in cancer cells (drug resistant MDCKMDR1 (Pgp+) cells) | [182] |
| Murine melanoma | Macrophage-derived exosome-encapsulated Trp2 vaccine may induce a stronger antigen-specific cytotoxic T cell response via Th1 response | [183] |
| Nasopharyngeal carcinoma | TEXs loaded with galectin-9 suppress T-cell proliferation, and increase apoptosis in mature Th1 lymphocytes | [184,185] |
| Osteosarcoma | Exosomes filled with miR-101 may suppress lung metastasis in osteosarcoma | [186] |
| Ovarian cancer | Tumor-derived exosomes expressing Fas ligand and TRAIL induce apoptosis of the precursors of DCs and PBMCs | [187] |
| Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma | Exosomes transfected with miR-145-5p may suppress pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cell proliferation and invasion through TGF-β/Smad3 pathways | [188] |
| Prostate | Tumor exosomes expressing Fas ligand induce apoptosis of CD8 (+) T cells | [189] |
| Prostate | Delivery of paclitaxel from cancer cell-derived exosome increases drug cytotoxicity | [190] |
| Prostate | Presence of ASC-derived exosomal miR-145 initiates apoptosis in prostate cancer | [191] |
| Prostate | Knockdown of ACTN4 gene decreases the invasion and proliferation of prostate cancer | [192] |