Table 3.
The association between adults with COPD and last-month substance use/misuse.
| Dependent Variables | Independent Variables | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| COPD | COPD X Serious Psychological Distress |
COPD X Gender | |
| Tobacco cigarettes | 2.48 [1.80–3.42] | 1.17 [0.73–1.88] | 0.78 [0.49–1.24] |
| Tobacco cigars | 1.29 [0.77–2.15] | 0.95 [0.55–1.63] | 0.83 [0.55–1.63] |
| Pipe tobacco | 1.08 [0.36–3.22] | 3.85 [1.46–10.13] | 1.02 [0.37–2.80] |
| Smokeless tobacco | 3.65 [1.75–7.65] | 0.61 [0.27–1.39] | 0.23 [0.10–0.50] |
| Alcohol | 0.61 [0.45–0.84] | 1.64 [1.04–2.58] | 1.01 [0.62–1.60] |
| Marijuana | 1.11 [0.81–1.51] | 1.14 [0.72–1.79] | 1.01 [0.65–1.55] |
| Cocaine | 0.97 [0.44–2.13] | 0.57 [0.18–1.83] | 0.62 [0.31–1.22] |
| Crack | 0.47 [0.13–1.62] | 2.32 [0.49–10.91] | 0.25 [0.04–1.33] |
| Heroin | 0.69 [0.26–1.82] | 1.01 [0.29–3.40] | 1.08 [0.33–3.52] |
| Hallucinogens | 0.98 [0.51–1.87] | 0.26 [0.08–0.81] | 1.66 [0.57–4.83] |
| Inhalants | 1.28 [0.32–5.03] | 0.14 [0.02–0.74] | 1.33 [0.29–6.16] |
| Non-prescribed pain relievers |
0.72 [0.42–1.24] | 0.92 [0.44–1.92] | 1.36 [0.78–2.38] |
| Non-prescribed tranquilizers | 1.08 [0.55–2.11] | 1.27 [0.57–2.85] | 0.83 [0.37–1.83] |
| Non-prescribed stimulants | 0.75 [0.33–1.70] | 1.39 [0.58–3.30] | 0.73 [0.31–1.71] |
| Non-prescribed sedatives | 0.42 [0.15–1.15] | 0.92 [0.20–4.24] | 2.84 [0.59–13.49] |
| Any tobacco use | 2.57 [1.91–3.48] | 1.10 [0.70–1.71] | 0.54 [0.34–0.85] |
| Any substance use | 0.69 [0.51–0.93] | 1.51 [0.90–2.52] | 1.06 [0.66–1.69] |
| Any substance misuse | 1.09 [0.77–1.55] | 0.82 [0.52–1.28] | 1.48 [0.94–2.35] |
Adjusted Odds Ratios of last-month substance use/misuse among adults with COPD. All models were controlled for gender, age, educational attainment, race, income, last-month serious psychological distress, and sampling year.