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. 2021 Dec 22;23(1):100. doi: 10.3390/ijms23010100

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Main effects of melatonin on diabetic retinopathy in experimental studies. Arrows point down: decrease; arrows point up: increase. *, VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; TNF-α: Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha; iNOS: inducible nitric oxide synthase; IL-1β: interleukin 1 beta; IL-6: interleukin 6; MDA: malondialdehyde; MMP2: matrix metalloproteinase 2; MMP9: matrix metalloproteinase 9; ICAM-1: intercellular adhesion molecule; Mn SOD: manganese superoxide dismutase; Cu-Zn SOD: Copper zinc superoxide dismutase; HIF1-α: hypoxia-inducible factor alfa; HIF1-β: hypoxia-inducible factor beta; GFAP: glial fibrillary acidic protein. The respective references can be found subscribed in parentheses.