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Schematic diagram showing the possible mechanisms of CBM cytotoxicity. CBM get into cells, which induces ROS generation, lactate dehydrogenase and malondialdehyde increase, and Ca2+ release. Subsequently, CBM cause kinds of cell injury, for instance, cell membrane damage, inflammation, DNA damage, mitochondrial disorders, apoptosis, or necrosis. Reproduced from Ref. [141]. Copyright 2016 Springer Nature.
