Table 1.
Selected characteristics of SARS-CoV-2-positive veterans (N = 26,508).
| Characteristic | Post-Index Medication Usage * (Vitamin D|Corticosteroids) n (%), Median (IQR) |
30-Day Mortality n (%), Median (IQR) |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (−|+) | (−|−) | (+|+) | (+|−) | ||
| N (% of total sample size) | 5355 (20) | 20,134 (76) | 283 (1) | 736 (3) | 1612 (6) |
| Age (y) | 64 (21) | 58 (27) | 66 (16) | 63 (20) | 76 (16) |
| ≤30 | 154 (3) | 1425 (7) | 5 (2) | 14 (2) | 0 (0) |
| 31–40 | 455 (9) | 3058 (15) | 12 (4) | 59 (8) | 3 (<1) |
| 41–50 | 598 (11) | 2725 (14) | 26 (9) | 84 (11) | 25 (2) |
| 51–60 | 976 (18) | 3864 (19) | 49 (17) | 165 (22) | 80 (5) |
| 61–70 | 1362 (25) | 4101 (20) | 88 (31) | 179 (24) | 328 (20) |
| 71–80 | 1301 (24) | 3410 (17) | 76 (27) | 177 (24) | 569 (35) |
| 81–90 | 401 (7) | 1151 (6) | 19 (7) | 37 (5) | 401 (25) |
| >90 | 108 (2) | 400 (2) | 8 (3) | 21 (3) | 206 (13) |
| Male ^ | 4831 (90) | 17,970 (89) | 240 (85) | 618 (84) | 1575 (98) |
| Race | |||||
| White | 3047 (57) | 12,070 (60) | 147 (52) | 392 (53) | 1009 (63) |
| Black | 2101 (39) | 7257 (36) | 129 (46) | 328 (45) | 547 (34) |
| Asian | 59 (1) | 226 (1) | 1 (<1) | 3 (<1) | 15 (1) |
| AIAN | 50 (1) | 166 (1) | 0 (0) | 2 (<1) | 16 (1) |
| NHOPI | 51 (1) | 207 (1) | 2 (1) | 7 (1) | 13 (1) |
| Multiracial | 47 (1) | 208 (1) | 4 (1) | 4 (1) | 12 (1) |
| Latinx ^ | 790 (15) | 3536 (18) | 25 (9) | 102 (14) | 154 (10) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 31 [8.3] | 30 [7.7] | 30 [8.5] | 30 [8.6] | 27 [9] |
| Underweight (<18.5) | 100 (2) | 243 (1) | 7 (2) | 10 (1) | 73 (5) |
| Normal (18.5–24.9) | 883 (16) | 3403 (17) | 45 (16) | 127 (17) | 489 (30) |
| Overweight (25–29.9) | 1655 (31) | 6678 (33) | 83 (29) | 249 (34) | 490 (30) |
| Class-I Obese (30–34.9) | 1462 (27) | 5748 (29) | 90 (32) | 178 (24) | 304 (19) |
| Class-II Obese (35–39.9) | 777 (15) | 2614 (13) | 34 (12) | 104 (14) | 159 (10) |
| Class-III Obese (40–44.9) | 323 (6) | 984 (5) | 18 (6) | 35 (5) | 55 (3) |
| Super Obese (≥45) | 155 (3) | 464 (2) | 6 (2) | 33 (4) | 42 (3) |
| Alcohol Use Disorder ^ | 671 (13) | 2683 (13) | 37 (13) | 118 (16) | 163 (10) |
| Smoker § | |||||
| Never | 2413 (45) | 10,167 (51) | 137 (48) | 381 (52) | 644 (40) |
| Former | 2406 (45) | 7623 (38) | 118 (42) | 297 (40) | 858 (53) |
| Current | 536 (10) | 2344 (12) | 28 (10) | 58 (8) | 110 (7) |
| Hospitalization ^ | 3149 (59) | 4340 (22) | 164 (58) | 192 (26) | 1113 (69) |
| Length of Stay (days) | 8 [11] | 6 [10] | 6 [12] | 5 [11] | 9 [9] |
| ≤7 ~ | 3751 (70) | 18,398 (91) | 209 (74) | 669 (91) | 946 (59) |
| >7–14 | 790 (15) | 854 (4) | 29 (10) | 28 (4) | 388 (24) |
| >14 | 814 (15) | 882 (4) | 45 (16) | 39 (5) | 278 (17) |
| Mechanical Ventilation ^ | 673 (13) | 465 (2) | 30 (11) | 14 (2) | 598 (37) |
| Location (USA) | |||||
| Pacific-West/Mountain | 971 (18) | 3996 (20) | 42 (15) | 97 (13) | 231 (14) |
| Mid-West/Continental | 1053 (20) | 4175 (21) | 42 (15) | 93 (13) | 251 (16) |
| Southeast | 2598 (49) | 8111 (40) | 180 (64) | 442 (60) | 592 (37) |
| Northeast | 733 (14) | 3852 (19) | 19 (7) | 104 (14) | 538 (33) |
| Time (Index, 3/1–9/10) | |||||
| March | 362 (7) | 1668 (8) | 17 (6) | 54 (7) | 253 (16) |
| April | 512 (10) | 2916 (14) | 26 (9) | 97 (13) | 445 (28) |
| May | 297 (6) | 1730 (9) | 12 (4) | 61 (8) | 190 (12) |
| June | 953 (18) | 3592 (18) | 42 (15) | 122 (17) | 205 (13) |
| July | 2155 (40) | 7136 (35) | 114 (40) | 277 (38) | 315 (20) |
| August | 998 (19) | 2950 (15) | 68 (24) | 121 (16) | 192 (12) |
| September | 78 (1) | 142 (1) | 4 (1) | 4 (1) | 12 (<1) |
| CCI | |||||
| 0 | 2198 (41) | 11,712 (58) | 93 (33) | 329 (45) | 407 (25) |
| 1–2 | 1978 (37) | 6032 (30) | 115 (41) | 291 (40) | 572 (35) |
| 3–4 | 766 (14) | 1640 (8) | 48 (17) | 77 (10) | 391 (24) |
| 5+ | 413 (8) | 750 (4) | 27 (10) | 39 (5) | 242 (15) |
| Comorbidity ^ | |||||
| Asthma | 591 (11) | 1039 (5) | 29 (10) | 56 (8) | 74 (5) |
| Atherosclerosis | 1830 (34) | 4551 (23) | 112 (40) | 207 (28) | 872 (54) |
| Cancer | 885 (17) | 2095 (10) | 80 (28) | 137 (19) | 391 (24) |
| Chronic Kidney Disease | 1173 (22) | 2664 (13) | 77 (27) | 121 (16) | 612 (38) |
| Chronic Liver Disease | 145 (3) | 408 (2) | 13 (5) | 22 (3) | 68 (4) |
| CHF | 900 (17) | 1930 (10) | 52 (18) | 89 (12) | 452 (28) |
| COPD | 1307 (24) | 2188 (11) | 79 (28) | 108 (15) | 472 (29) |
| Diabetes (Type II) | 2108 (39) | 6116 (30) | 122 (43) | 307 (42) | 813 (50) |
| Hyperlipidemia | 3227 (60) | 10,032 (50) | 183 (65) | 466 (63) | 1047 (65) |
| Hypertension | 3523 (66) | 10,461 (52) | 209 (74) | 501 (68) | 1242 (77) |
| Mental Illness | 2716 (51) | 9662 (48) | 148 (52) | 409 (56) | 709 (44) |
| Sleep Disorder | 1828 (34) | 5111 (25) | 99 (35) | 214 (29) | 416 (26) |
| Substance Abuse | 1194 (22) | 4222 (21) | 62 (22) | 173 (24) | 307 (19) |
^ Referent is the complement group. * Systemic administration by mouth or intramuscular injection. § Cigarettes. ~ Includes non-hospitalized participants with zero length of stay. AIAN = American Indian and Alaska Native; BMI = body mass index; CCI = Charlson Comorbidity Index; CHF = congestive heart failure; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IQR = interquartile range; kg = kilograms; m = meters; NHOPI = Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander; USA = United States of America; y = years.