Table 1.
Metal and micronutrient concentration distributions in pregnant 14–45-year-old women: NBCS results compared to 2011–2012 and 2013–2014 NHANES data combined.
| Metal | LOD (µg/L) |
Geometric Mean | 50th Percentile | 75th Percentile | 95th Percentile | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NBCS | NHANES | NBCS | NHANES | NBCS | NHANES | NBCS | NHANES | |||
| Metals | ||||||||||
| Blood Cadmium (BCD) | 0.10 | 0.31 | 0.236 | 0.31 | 0.25 | 0.42 | 0.32 | 0.72 | 1.18 | |
| Blood Manganese (BMN) | 0.99 | 24.95 | 10.80 | 25.61 | 11 | 30.00 | 13.4 | 38.00 | 22.2 | |
| Blood Lead (BPB) | 0.07 ^ | 0.410 | 0.507 | 0.37 | 0.46 | 0.51 | 0.63 | 1.20 | 2.71 | |
| Urine Arsenic (UTAS) | 0.26 | 6.13 | 7.94 | 5.88 | 7.04 | 8.04 | 13.40 | 14.08 | 55.2 | |
| Urine Uranium (UUR) | 0.002 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.07 | 0.03 | |
| Urine Cobalt (UCO) | 0.02 | 1.25 | 0.69 | 1.22 | 0.63 | 1.77 | 1.03 | 2.76 | 1.88 | |
| Urine Barium (UBA) | 0.06 | 4.35 | 1.77 | 4.19 | 1.5 | 10.49 | 3.66 | 32.07 | 11.7 | |
| Urine Cesium (UCS) | 0.09 | 4.14 | 4.77 | 4.19 | 4.38 | 5.26 | 6.77 | 7.46 | 9.83 | |
| Serum Copper (SCU) | 2.5 ^ | 245.09 | 201 | 250.00 | 198 | 280.00 | 242 | 330.00 | 285 | |
| Urine Antimony (USB) | 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.07 | 0.18 | 0.14 | |
| Urine Strontium (USR) | 2.34 | 167.47 | 126 | 198.23 | 143 | 321.87 | 227 | 563.45 | 392 | |
| Urine Tin (USN) | 0.09 | 1.95 | 0.54 | 1.77 | 0.46 | 3.57 | 0.74 | 12.05 | 2.19 | |
| Urine Thallium (UTL) | 0.02 | 0.14 | 0.19 | 0.14 | 0.19 | 0.20 | 0.23 | 0.30 | 0.45 | |
| Urine Tungsten (UTU) | 0.02 | 0.13 | 0.08 | 0.13 | 0.08 | 0.20 | 0.13 | 0.47 | 0.24 | |
| Urine Molybdenum (UMO) | 0.17 | 45.74 | 46.10 | 47.16 | 44.40 | 67.53 | 66.70 | 107.97 | 83.8 | |
| Micronutrients | Deficiency level | |||||||||
| Blood Selenium (BSE) | <70 µg/L | 24.48 | 163.45 | 183 | 160.00 | 186 | 180.00 | 195 | 200.00 | 222 |
| Serum Zinc (SZN) | <66 µg/dL | 2.9 ^ | 52.38 | 68.3 | 52.00 | 68.4 | 59.00 | 80 | 72.50 | 97.6 |
| Urine Iodine (UIO) | <150 µg/L | 2.4 | 137.283 | 141.00 | 126.32 | 144 | 229.03 | 207 | 561.50 | 637 |
Notes. Urine concentrations are µg/g creatinine; blood and serum concentrations are in µg/L, unless specified otherwise. ^ indicates that units are reported in µg/dL. Values indicated in bold indicate metals for which NBCS participants have about two times larger concentrations compared to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) sample.