Table 2.
Chemical composition of raw and cooked fillet steak (pan-frying with oil, pan-frying without oil, and air fryer) and cooking factor index.
| Meat Doneness | Cooking Method | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| None | Pan-Frying without Oil | Air Fryer | Pan-Frying with Oil | |
| Moisture (g/100 g) | ||||
| Raw | 72.13 ± 0.92 | |||
| Rare | 69.45 ± 0.47 Aa | 70.49 ± 0.24 Aa | 62.83 ± 0.57 Ab | |
| Medium | 66.38 ± 0.11 Bb | 69.06 ± 0.44 Ba | 59.49 ± 0.43 Bc | |
| Well done | 61.77 ± 0.41 Cb | 65.11 ± 0.39 Ca | 54.27 ± 0.27 Cc | |
| Protein (g/100 g) | ||||
| Raw | 22.90 ± 0.42 | |||
| Rare | 26.28 ± 0.82 Bab | 24.38 ± 0.25 Bb | 27.24 ± 1.24 Ba | |
| Medium | 28.51 ± 0.29 Aa | 25.38 ± 0.46 Bb | 28.33 ± 0.36 Ba | |
| Well done | 29.67 ± 0.61 Ab | 28.19 ± 0.39 Ab | 34.19 ± 0.90 Aa | |
| Lipids (g/100 g) | ||||
| Raw | 3.10 ± 0.41 | |||
| Rare | 2.90 ± 0.66 Ab | 2.63 ± 0.45 Bb | 6.97 ± 0.55 Ba | |
| Medium | 3.58 ± 0.23 Ab | 3.65 ± 0.37 ABb | 9.51 ± 1.02 Aa | |
| Well done | 3.83 ± 0.22 Ab | 4.59 ± 0.13 Ab | 9.76 ± 1.22 Aa | |
| Ash (g/100 g) | ||||
| Raw | 1.32 ± 0.05 | |||
| Rare | 1.08 ± 0.39 Ba | 1.29 ± 0.08 Aa | 1.66 ± 0.01 Aa | |
| Medium | 1.31 ± 0.06 Ba | 1.58 ± 0.01 Aa | 1.66 ± 0.29 Aa | |
| Well done | 2.48 ± 0.30 Aa | 1.56 ± 0.23 Aa | 2.33 ± 0.35 Aa | |
| Sodium (mg/100 g) | ||||
| Raw | 98.09 ± 10.11 | |||
| Rare | 82.55 ± 1.61 Aa | 88.41 ± 4.44 Aa | 88.75 ± 4.69 Aa | |
| Medium | 75.11 ± 5.90 Aa | 82.26 ± 10.04 Aa | 94.20 ± 10.24 Aa | |
| Well done | 81.22 ± 8.83 Aa | 81.83 ± 1.41 Aa | 95.90 ± 9.93 Aa | |
| Potassium (mg/100 g) | ||||
| Raw | 409.93 ± 11.10 | |||
| Rare | 468.71 ± 22.47 ABa | 488.42 ± 22.28 Aa | 455.68 ± 25.40 Ba | |
| Medium | 447.78 ± 8.86 Bb | 467.76 ± 10.41 Aab | 501.72 ± 25.86 ABa | |
| Well done | 499.45 ± 23.93 Aa | 497.55 ± 9.90 Aa | 531.15 ± 32.04 Aa | |
| Cooking factor index | ||||
| Rare | - | 0.88 ± 0.01 Aa | 0.86 ± 0.01 Aa | 0.79 ± 0.02 Ab |
| Medium | 0.83 ± 0.02 Aa | 0.83 ± 0.01 Aa | 0.70 ± 0.04 Bb | |
| Well done | 0.71 ± 0.01 Ba | 0.72 ± 0.02 Ba | 0.60 ± 0.04 Cb | |
Means followed by the same capital letters in a column and lower-case letters on the lines do not differ significantly by the Tukey test at 5% of significance.