Table 2.
Sex-stratified social, biological, behavioral, and psychosocial determinants’ distribution among Vilnius residents.
| Determinants | Females | Males | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| 258 (100%) | 195 (100%) | ||
| Social determinants | |||
| Ethnicity | |||
| Lithuanians | 185 (71.7) | 141 (72.3) | 0.940 |
| Other ethnic groups | 72 (28.0) | 54 (27.7) | |
| Education (in full years) | 15.6 (3.1) | 15.3 (3.2) | 0.264 |
| mean (sd) | |||
| Biological determinants | |||
| Age (in full years) | |||
| mean (sd) | 54.7 (13.7) | 52.4 (13.7) | 0.070 |
| Systemic diseases | |||
| No | 124 (48.1) | 133 (68.2) | 0.014 |
| Yes | 134 (51.9) | 62 (31.8) | |
| Specific systemtic diseases | |||
| Cardiovascular diseases | 42 (16.3) | 20 (10.2) | |
| Diabetes | 16 (6.2) | 8 (4.1) | |
| Thyroid diseases | 17 (6.6) | 2 (1.0) | 0.366 |
| Other diseases | 59 (22.9) | 32 (16.4) | |
| Medication use | |||
| No | 151 (58.5) | 145 (74.7) | 0.034 |
| Yes | 107 (41.4) | 50 (25.6) | |
| Specific medications | |||
| For cardiovascular diseases | 51 (19.8) | 22 (11.3) | |
| For diabetes | 9 (3.5) | 4 (2.1) | |
| For thyroid diseases | 17 (6.6) | 2 (1.0) | 0.525 |
| Other medications | 30 (11.6) | 22 (11.3) | |
| Behavioral determinants | |||
| Smoking frequency (cigarettes) | |||
| Non-smoker | 130 (50.4) | 104 (53.3) | 0.535 |
| Smokers | 128 (49.6) | 91 (46.7) | |
| Alcohol use | |||
| Does not use alcohol | 137 (53.6) | 96 (49.2) | 0.368 |
| Uses alcohol | 119 (46.5) | 99 (50.8) | |
| Sugar-containing diet | |||
| Lower intake | 77 (29.8) | 40 (20.5) | 0.013 |
| Moderate intake | 117 (45.3) | 91 (46.7) | |
| Higher intake | 64 (24.8) | 64 (32.8) | |
| Time of the last dental visit | |||
| Within last year | 178 (69.0) | 133 (68.2) | 0.850 |
| 1 year or more ago | 72 (28.8) | 56 (28.7) | |
| Use of fluoridated toothpaste | |||
| Yes | 112 (43.4) | 104 (53.6) | 0.032 |
| No/don’t know | 146 (56.6) | 90 (46.4) | |
| Toothbrushing frequency | |||
| Twice a day or more | 117 (46.8) | 93 (48.9) | 0.656 |
| Once a day or less | 133 (53.2) | 97 (51.1) | |
| Psychosocial determinants | |||
| Perceived stress | |||
| Lower perceived stress | 137 (54.2) | 114 (59.4) | 0.075 |
| Medium perceived stress | 73 (28.9) | 59 (30.7) | |
| Higher perceived stress | 43 (17.0) | 19 (9.9) | |
| Oral health outcomes | mean (sd) | mean (sd) | |
| Dental caries experience | N = 257 | N = 196 | |
| D3MFS score (mean, sd) | 67.6 (33.3) | 66.9 (33.8) | 0.834 |
| Periodontal status | N = 249 | N = 193 | |
| Ratio of PPD 4+mm (%) | 32.7 (28.8) | 32.6 (32.3) | 0.614 |
| Number of missing teeth | N = 257 | N = 196 | |
| The mean number of missing teeth | 6.9 (6.5) | 6.8 (7.3) | 0.767 |
χ2 test for comparison of proportions between groups, and independent samples t-test for comparison of means between two groups.