Table 1.

Lung diseases associated with shortened telomeres: Related mutations and treatment.

Telomeropathies	Gene, Protein Name (S) Related	Treatment	Reference
Lung cancer	TERT, TERC, PARN, TINF2, NAF1, DKC1, RTEL1	Rapamycin	[154]
		Prednisone Cyclosporine Cyclophosphamide Dasatinib Quercetin Cycloastragenol (CAG) Danazol	[107,142,147]
IPF		Nintedanib Pirfenidone Alemtuzumab GRN510	[121,133,145,152,155,156]
Dyskeratosis congenita	TERT, TERC, DKC1, or TINF2	Danazol Oxymetholon Nandrolone Cycloastragenol CAG) Etoposide	[142,147,150]
Acute interstitial pneumonia Cryptogenic organizing pneumonia Smoking related interstitial lung disease	TERT	NS	[157] [140] [158]
Pleuroparenchymal fibroelastosis Hypersensitivity pneumonitis	TERT, TERC, RTEL1	NS NS	[141] [159]

DKC1, dyskerin pseudouridine synthase 1; NAF1, nuclear assembly factor 1; PARN, gene encoding poly(A)-specific ribonuclease, TERC; telomerase RNA component, TERT; telomerase reverse transcriptase, TINF2; gene codified TRF1-interacting nuclear factor, RTEL1; regulator of telomere elongation, NS; nonspecific.