4E-BP1	eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein
AKT	protein kinase B
AMPK	AMP-activated protein kinase
cGMP	cyclic guanosine monophosphate
c-Myc	c-myelocytomatosis oncogene (transcription factor)
CSA	cross-sectional area
eIF2B	eukaryotic initiation factor 2B
FoxO	forkhead box O protein
GS1	glycogen synthase-1
GSK-3β	glycogen synthase kinase-3β
HDT BR	head down tilt bed rest
HS	hindlimb suspension
HU	hindlimb unloading
IGF-1	insulin-like growth factor 1
L-NAME	N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester
MAFbx	muscle atrophy F-box protein/atrogin 1
MAPK	mitogen-activated protein kinase
MCIP 1.4	modulatory calcineurin-interaction protein 1.4
MEF-2	myocyte enhancer factor 2
mir-208	micro-RNA 208
mTORC1	mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1
MuRF1	muscle RING finger protein
MyHC	myosin heavy chain
NFAT	nuclear factor of activated T-cells
NO	nitric oxide
NRF	nuclear respiratory factor
p70S6K	ribosomal protein S6 kinase p70
PGC-1α	peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha
PI3K	phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
PKA	protein kinase A
PKB	protein kinase B (AKT)
PKC	protein kinase C
PKD1	protein kinase D1
PKG	protein kinase G
PMS	plantar mechanical stimulation
PuRA	purine Rich Element Binding Protein A
PuRB	purine Rich Element Binding Protein B
rRNA	ribosomal RNA
SOX-6	transcription factor
TFAM	mitochondrial transcription factor A