Table 2.
Physicochemical characterization of plant-derived EVs.
| Plant | Size (nm) | Morphology | z-Potential (mV) | Delivery Route | Effect/Disease | Therapeutic Biomolecule | Loading (%) Enc. Eff. (%) 9 |
Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Grapes | 200–800 (EM 1, DLS 2) 380 (av. diam. 3) |
Spherical | ~−27 | Oral | DSS-induced colitis 4 | - | - | [8] |
| 500–1000 (EM 1, DLS 2) | Spherical or cup-shaped | ~−40 | Intestinal homeo-stasis | - | - | [9] | ||
| 30–200 (EM 1) | Spherical | - | - | - | - | - | [18] | |
| Grape-fruits | 50–800 (EM 1, DLS 2) 253 (av. diam. 3) Re-ssembled GrfNVs 5 50–400 (EM 1, DLS 2) 180 (av. diam. 3) |
Spherical or cup-shaped Re-assembled GrfNVs 5 Flower-like |
- | i.v. 6 injection | Cancer | PTX 7
Folic acid |
- | [17] |
| 50–100 100–1000 (EM 1, DLS 2) |
Spherical or cup-shaped | ~−40 | Oral | Intestinal homeo-stasis | - | - | [9] | |
| 105–400 (EM 1, DLS 2) 210 (av. diam. 3) |
~−25 | DSS-induced colitis 4 | Methotrexate | - | [7] | |||
|
GrfNVs5 ~200 IGrfNVs8 ~200 (EM 1) |
GrfNVs5 spherical IGrfNVs 8 spherical |
GrfNVs5 negative IGrfNVs 8 negative |
i.v. 6 injection | DSS-induced colitis 4
Inflammation |
Doxorubicin Curcumin |
Enc. Eff. (%)9 Dox-IGrfNVs10 70–80 Cur-IGrfNVs11 50–60 |
[15] | |
|
GrfNVs5 110 (av. diam. 3) OGrfNVs12 120 (av. diam. 3) (DLS 2) |
- | - | Liver metastasis | miR-18a | - | [34] | ||
|
GrfNVs5 102.4 (av. diam. 3) pGrfNVs13 87.2 (av. diam. 3) FA-pGrfNVs14 72.4 (av. diam. 3) (DLS 2) |
Spherical |
GrfNVs5 −38.15 pGrfNVs13 −13.9 FA-pGrfNVs14 −31 |
Intranasal | Brain tumor | miR17 |
Enc. Eff. (%)9 GNVs5 <20 pGNVs13 80–90 |
[19] | |
| 2 populations (DLS 2) | Spherical or oval (AFM 15) | - | - | - | - | - | [20] | |
| Ginger | 100–1000 (EM 1, DLS 2) | Spherical or cup-shaped | ~−25 | Oral | Intestinal homeostasis | - | - | [9] |
|
GiNVs16 100–1000 (DLS 2) 386 (av. diam. 3) GiNVs217 100–1000 (DLS 2) 294 (av. diam. 3) |
Spherical (AFM 15) |
GiNVs16 −24.6 GiNVs217 −29.7 |
Oral | Liver-related diseases | - | - | [10] | |
|
Re-assembled GiNVs18 188 (av. diam. 3) (DLS 2) Dox-GiNVs19 188 (av. diam. 3) (DLS 2) |
Spherical or cup-shaped Re-assembled GiNVs 18Spherical Dox-GiNVs 19Spherical |
~−16 | i.v. 6 injection | Colon cancer | Doxorubicin |
Dox-GiNVs19 Up to 95.9% ± 0.26% |
[28] | |
|
GiNVs_118 292 (av. diam. 3) (DLS 2) GiNVs_218 231 (av. diam. 3) (DLS 2) GiNVs_318 219 (av. diam. 3) (DLS 2) |
Spherical or cup-shaped | (−12.9)–(−2.1) | Oral | Inflammatory bowel disease Colitis-associated cancer |
- | - | [25] | |
|
GiNVs16 232 (av. diam. 3) Reassembled GiNVs16 189 (av. diam. 3) (EM1, DLS 2) |
Spherical | ~−18 | Oral | Ulcerative colitis | siRNA-CD98 | - | [11] | |
| 2 populations (DLS 2) | Spherical or oval (AFM 15) | - | - | - | - | - | [20] | |
| 50–150 (EM 1) | Spherical | - | Oral | Gut diseases | - | [29] | ||
| 120–150 (EM1, NTA 21) | - | inhibit NLRP3 inflammasome activity 20 (Alzheimer’s disease) | - | - | [12] | |||
| 100–600 (NTA 21) | - | - | Oral cavity | Periodontitis | - | - | [21] | |
| Carrots | 80–200 and 700–1500 (EM 1, DLS 2) | Spherical or cup-shaped | ~−25 | Oral | Intestinal homeostasis | - | - | [9] |
| Lemons | 50–70 (EM 1, DLS 2) |
Spherical | - | Intra tumor (locally) Intraperitoneally |
Cancer | - | - | [22] |
| 30–100 (EM1) | Spherical or cup-shaped | - | - | - | - | - | [5] | |
| Broccoli | 18–120 32 (av. diam. 3) (EM 1, DLS 2) |
Spherical | −17 | Oral | Colitis | - | - | [13] |
| Sun-flower seeds | 50–200 (EM 1) | Spherical (phospho-lipid layer) | - | - | - | - | - | [24] |
| Coconut |
EVs from coconut water 13 (EM 1) and 60 (DLS 2) EVs from coconut milk 30 (EM 1) and 100 (DLS 2) |
Spherical | - | - | - | - | - | [23] |
| 2 populations (DLS 2) | Spherical or oval (AFM 15) | - | - | - | - | - | [20] | |
| Water-melons | 100–200 (EM 1) 32 (av. diam. 3) (NTA 21) |
Cup-shaped | - | - | - | - | - | [30] |
| Blue-berries | 2 populations (DLS2) | Spherical or oval (AFM 15) | - | - | - | - | - | [20] |
| Kiwis | >2 populations (DLS 2) | - | - | - | - | - | ||
| Oranges | 2 populations (DLS 2) | - | - | - | - | - | ||
| Peas | 2 populations (DLS 2) | - | - | - | - | - | ||
| Pears | 2 populations (DLS 2) | - | - | - | - | - | ||
| Soybean | 2 populations (DLS 2) | - | - | - | - | - | ||
| Melons | 40–70 and 100–1000 (DLS 2) | - | - | - | - | - | ||
| Tomatoes | 100–1000 (DLS 2) | - | - | - | - | - | ||
| Ara-bidopsis leaves |
P40 fraction22 50–300 150 (av. diam. 3) (EM1, DLS 2) P100 fraction22 10–17 12 (av. diam. 3) (EM 1, DLS 2) |
spherical | - | - | - | - | - | [31] |
| Tobacco leaves | 70 ± 20 and 520 ± 170 (EM 1) | - | - | - | - | - | [27] | |
| Lesser peri-winkle plant | 380 ± 200 (EM 1) | - | - | - | - | - | ||
| European mistletoe plant | 280 ± 115 (EM 1) | - | - | - | - | - |
1 Electron Microscopy; 2 Dynamic Light Scattering; 3 Average diameter; 4 Dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis; 5 Grapefruit-derived nanovesicles; 6 Intravenous; 7 Paclitaxel; 8 Coated with inflammatory related receptor enriched membranes of activated leukocytes; 9 Encapsulation efficiency; 10 Doxurubicin-loaded; 11 Curcumin-loaded; 12 Optimized GrfNVs; 13 made of PEI/RNA and GrfNV complex; 14 Folic acid pGrfNVs; 15 Atomic Force Microscopy; 16 Ginger-derived nanovesicles from band 1 of the sucrose gradient; 17 Ginger-derived nanovesicles from band 2 of the sucrose gradient; 18 Ginger-derived nanovesicles; 19 Doxurubicin-loaded ginger-derived nanovesicles; 20 pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a key regulator of innate immune responses, and its activation is implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease and type 2 diabetes; 21 Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis; 22 40,000× and 100,000× g in centrifugation.