Table 1.

Content curation of long-non-coding RNA (lncRNA) and its targeting microRNA (miRNA) and related mechanism of castration resistance prostate cancer.

Mechanism of Castration Resistance	Subject Investigated (Cell Lines/Tissue)		lncRNA	miRNA	Interactions	Reference
AR amplification	22RV1/human PCa		PlncRNA-1	miR-34c/miR-297	PlncRNA-1 promotes AR expression via competitive inhibition of miRNA-34c/miR-297 targeting AR.	[57]
Increased AR transcriptional activity	PC3, DU145/human PCa		CCAT1	miR-28-5P	In cytoplasm: competing for miR-28-5P to promote cell proliferation and colony formation.	[58]
					In nucleus: CCAT1 acts as a scaffold for DDX5(P68) and AR transcriptional complex to facilitate expression of AR-regulated castration resistance gene (UBE2C).
Signal cascades independent of AR and crosstalk with AR	Growth factors	C4-2, PC3, DU145	AFAP1-AS1	miR-15b	AFAP1-AS1 upregulates IGF1R by competitively binding with miR-15b to de-repress IGF1R.	[59]
		human PCa	PTTG3P	miR-146a-3p	PTTG3P upregulates PTTG1 to stimulate FGF expression by competing for miR-146a-3p.	[60]
	Other oncogenic signal pathways	PC3	SChLAP1	miR-198	SChLAP1 regulates the miR-198 expression and influences cancer progression by the MAPK1 pathway.	[61]
		human PCa	Linc00963	miR-655	Linc00963 competitively binds with miR-655 and upregulates TRIM24 expression to activate the PI3K/AKT pathway.	[62]
		PC3, DU145/human PCa	MYU(VPS9D1-AS1)	miR-184	MYU upregulates the MYC expression by competitively binding with miR-184.	[63]
	Cell cycle dysregulation	DU145/human PCa	SNHG7	miR-503	MiR-503 targets 3′-UTR of SNHG and inhibits cell cycle proteins (CDK4, CDK6, Cyclin D), inducing G0/G1 cell cycle arrest.	[64]
		PC3, DU145	LOXL1-AS1	miR-541-3p	LOXL1-AS1 interferes with miR-541-3p targeting cell cycle regulator Cyclin D and promotes cell proliferation.	[65]
		DU145/human PCa	TTTY15	let-7	FOXA1, acting as a transcription factor of TTTY15, promotes PCa progression by sponging let-7 and upregulating CDK6 and FN1.	[66]
	Cytokine	C4-2, PC3, DU145	SNHG17	miR-144	SNHG17 acts as a ceRNA to upregulate CD51 (integrin alpha-V) expression through competitively sponging miR-144.	[67]
Unidentified mechanisms	PC3, DU145		HOTAIR	miR-34a	MiR-34a directly targets HOTAIR and inhibits cell growth.	[68]
	PC3		HOTAIR	miR-193a	HOTAIR couples with EZH2 to repress miR-193a by trimethylation of H3K27me3; miR-193a directly targets HOTAIR to reduce HOTAIR level in miR-193a overexpressed cells.	[69]
	PC3		PCGEM-1	miR-148a	Putative PCGEM1 binding site is identified in the 5′-UTR of miR-148a; PCGEM-1 expression represses miR-148a and cell apoptosis.	[70]
	PC3, DU145/human PCa		PCSEAT	miR-143-3p-/miR-24-2-5p	PCSEAT competitively sponges miR-143-3p/miR-24-2-5p and decreases PCSEAT-mediated cell proliferation.	[71]
	PC3, DU145/human PCa		Linc00308	miR-137	LncRNA-miRNA-mRNA networks regulate tumor suppressor gene PTGS2 and DUSP2 and affect survival.	[72]
			Linc00355	miR-122/miR-506
			OSTN-AS1	miR-137/miR-506

AR: Androgen receptor; FGF: fibroblast growth factor; FN1: fibronectin; IGF1R: insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor; PCa: prostate cancer; ceRNA: competing endogenous RNA.