Table 5.

Dysbiosis associated with liver cirrhosis.

Conditions	Methods	Main Results (Phylum_Taxon)	Ref.
Alcoholic LC (n = 43) vs. other etiologies (n = 170)	Multi-tagged pyrosequencing	Alcoholic LC: ↑ Proteobacteria_Enterobacteriaceae, ↑ Proteobacteria_Halomonadaceae, ↓ Firmicutes_Lachnospiraceae, ↓ Firmicutes_Ruminococcaceae, ↓ Firmicutes_Clostridialies XIV	[129]
Alcohol dependence with LC vs. Alcohol dependence (n = 27) without LC (n = 72)	Shotgun metagenomic analysis	Alcoholic LC: ↑ Firmicutes_Lactobacillus salivarius, ↑ Firmicutes_Veillonella parvula, ↑ Firmicutes_Streptococcus salivarius, ↑ Actinobacteria_Bifidobacterium	[130]
NASH cirrhosis (n = 32) vs. other etiologies (n = 181)	Multi-tagged pyrosequencing	NASH cirrhosis: ↑ Bacteroidetes_Porphyromonadaceae, ↑ Bacteroidetes_Bacteroidaceae, ↓ Firmicutes_Veillonellaceae	[129]
Non-NAFLD group (n = 54) vs. NAFLD-cirrhotic group (n = 27)	Shotgun metagenomic analysis	NAFLD cirrhotic group: ↑ Firmicutes_Veillonella parvula, ↑ Firmicutes_Veillonella atypica, ↑ Firmicutes_Ruminococcus gnavus, ↑ Firmicutes_Clostridium bolteae, ↑ Firmicutes_Acidaminococcus spp., ↓ Firmicutes_Eubacterium eligens, ↓ Firmicutes_Eubacterium rectal, ↓ Firmicutes_Faecalibacterium prausnitzii	[134]
LC of multiple aetiology (n = 36) vs. Healthy control (n = 24)	16S ribosomal RNA sequencing	LC: ↓ Bacteroidetes_Bacteroidetes, ↓ Proteobacteria, ↓ Fusobacteria, ↑ Proteobacteria_ Enterobacteriaceae, ↑ Firmicutes_Veillonellaceae, ↑ Firmicutes_Streptococcaceae, ↓ Firmicutes_Lachnospiraceae	[43]
LC of multiple aetiology (n = 47) vs. Control (n = 14)	16S ribosomal RNA sequencing	LC: ↑ Proteobacteria_Enterobacteriaceae, ↓ Firmicutes_Lachnospiraceae, ↓ Firmicutes_Ruminococcaceae, ↓ Firmicutes_Blautia	[135]

LC, liver cirrhosis; NAFLD, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; NASH, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis.