Table 6.

Treatments targeting dysbiosis in liver cirrhosis.

Conditions		Treatment	Main Results	Ref.
Human	Double blind trial, LC with an episode of HC during the previous month	Probiotic preparation (VSL #3) (n = 66) 6 months or placebo (n = 64)	↓ The risk of hospitalization for HE ↓ CTP and MELD score	[157]
Human	LC with MHE : randomized LGG or placebo group	Probiotic group, 8 weeks or placebo	↓ Endotoxemia, TNF-α	[158]
			Alteration in gut microbiome -↓ Enterobacteriaceae, ↑ Clostridiales Incertae Sedis XIV, ↑ Lachnospiraceae
Rat	CCl4-induced cirrhotic rats	LI01: L. salivarius LI05: P. pentosaceus L. rhamnosus GG, C. butyricum MIYAIRI and Bacillus, 13 weeks	LI01 or LI05	[154]
			-prevent liver fibrosis, ↓ hepatic expression of profibrogenic genes
			Alteration in gut microbiome
			-↓ Enterobacteriaceae, ↑ Clostridiales Incertae Sedis XIV and Lachnospiraceae
C57BL/6J mice	Bile-duct ligation CCl4-induced cirrhosis	FXR-agonists oral gavage : fexaramine (100 mg/kg/day) obeticholic acid (30 mg/kg/day)	FXR-agonists treatment group - ameliorate pathological translocation of GFP-E. coli from the ileal lumen to the liver in cirrhotic mice Obeticholic acid treatment group -significantly increases ileal TJ protein expression (ZO1, claudin-1,-2, and occludin), upregulating them to the level of healthy control mice	[159]

LC, liver cirrhosis; HC, hepatic encephalopathy; CTP, Child–Turcotte–Pugh; MELD, model for end-stage liver disease; MHE, minimal hepatic encephalopathy; CCl4, carbon tetrachloride; TNF, tumor necrosis factor; FXR, farnesoid X receptor; TJ, tight junction; GFP-E. coli, green fluorescent protein, Escherichia coli.