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. 2022 Jan 4;23(1):541. doi: 10.3390/ijms23010541

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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qRT-PCR analysis to validate transcriptome results of the osteophyte samples. mRNA levels of CPA3, CMA1, TPSAB1, MMP-1, MMP-3 and MMP-13 were normalized against ACTB, the housekeeping gene. All the values are expressed as mean ± SD. TPSAB1 (20.04-fold), CMA1 (15.57-fold), MMP-1 (16.32-fold) and MMP-3 (21.5-fold) showed a significant up-regulation. CPA3 (6.64-fold) and MMP-13 (4.01-fold) also showed up-regulation, which remained insignificant on statistical scale, however. This qRT-PCR validation is limited to confirm the expression of key upregulated genes from the transcriptomics data in the osteophytes. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 compared to ACTB.