Table 2.
Summary of cranial studies included in the review.
| Authors | Year | Neurosurgical Procedures | Total | Exoscope Manufacturer and/or Model | Visualization Mode Setting | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tumor (n°) | Vascular and Others Disease (n°) | |||||
| Gildenberg & Labuz [32] | 1997 | glioma (17), metastasis (1) | - | 18 | N/A | - |
| Mamelak et al. [34] | 2010 | glioma (3), HMG (1), meningioma (3), LGG (1), pituitary adenoma (1) | vagus nerve stimulator (1) | 10 | HDXO-SCOPE, Karl Storz | HD 2D |
| Mamelak et al. [36] | 2012 | germinoma (1) | - | 1 | VITOM® | HD 2D |
| Belloch et al. [37] | 2014 | GBM (15), AA (2), metastasis (3), LGG (3) | - | 23 | HDXO-SCOPE, Karl Storz | HD 2D |
| Birch et al. [38] | 2014 | pineocytoma (3), germinoma (1), lipoma (1) | - | 5 | HDXO-SCOPE, Karl Storz | HD 2D |
| Piquer et al. [39] | 2014 | GBM (23), AA (2), metastasis (3), LGG (2) | - | 30 | VITOM® | HD 2D |
| Ritsma et al. [40] | 2014 | - | ICH (1) | 1 | Mi SPACE | HD 2D |
| Parihar et al. [41] | 2016 | meningioma (5), glioma (4), HMG (1), metastasis (1), schwannoma (3), neurocytoma (1), medulloblastoma (1), craniopharyngioma (1) | ICH (3), colloid cyst (1), arachnoid cyst (1), abscess (2), trigeminal neuralgia (1) | 25 | VITOM® | HD 2D |
| Scranton et al. [42] | 2016 | - | cavernoma (2) | 2 | N/A | HD 2D |
| Bauer et al. [43] | 2017 | - | ICH (18) | 18 | BrainPath® | HD 2D |
| Day [44] | 2017 | GBM (15), AA (4), ependymoma (2), neurocytoma (1), LGG (1), metastasis (20) | ICH (6) | 49 | BrainPath® | HD 2D |
| Gonen et al. [45] | 2017 | astrocytoma (56), meningioma (40), metastasis (33), schwannoma (5), epidermoid/dermoid cyst (3), paraganglioma (2), craniopharyngioma (1), pituitary adenoma (1), miscellaneous (8) | aneurysms (7), AVM (5), dAVF (1), ICH (20), trigeminal neuralgia (7), hemifacial spasm (1), arachnoid cysts (2), Chiari I (1), infection (3), colloid cyst (4) | 200 | ROVOT-m | HD 2D |
| Jackson et al. [46] | 2017 | GBM (3), AA (3), metastasis (1), lymphoma (2) | demyelinating disease (2) | 11 | VITOM® | HD 2D |
| Krishnan et al. [47] | 2017 | - | anastomosis (3), AVF (1), ICH (1) | 3 | VITOM® | HD 2D |
| Labib et al. [48] | 2017 | - | ICH (39) | 39 | Mi SPACE | HD 2D |
| Nagata et al. [50] | 2017 | - | hemifacial spasm (2) | 2 | ORBEYE® | HD 2D |
| Oertel & Burkhardt [51] | 2017 | metastasis (3), lymphoma (1) | trigeminal neuralgia (1) | 5 | VITOM® | HD 3D |
| Rossini et al. [52] | 2017 | meningioma (1) | - | 1 | VITOM® | HD 3D |
| Weiner & Placantonakis [53] | 2017 | JPA (1) | - | 1 | VITOM® | HD 3D |
| Beez et al. [54] | 2018 | astrocytoma (2) | myelomeningocele closure (1) | 3 | VITOM® | HD 3D |
| Gassie et al. [55] | 2018 | GBM (24), AA (6), metastasis (14), lymphoma (2) | cavernoma (2), demyelinating disease (2) | 50 | VITOM® | HD 2D |
| Griessenauer et al. [56] | 2018 | - | ICH (5) | 5 | BrainPath® | HD 2D |
| Iyer & Chaichana [57] | 2018 | GBM (11), AA (3) | - | 14 | VITOM® | HD 2D |
| Khalessi et al. [58] | 2018 | meningioma (1), glioma (1) | clipping (4), cavernoma (3), AVM (2), endarterectomy (1), CSDH (1), cyst (1), Chiari I (1) | 17 | ORBEYE® | HD 3D |
| Klinger et al. [59] | 2018 | - | aneurysm (1) | 1 | Modus V™ | HD 3D |
| Mampre et al. [60] | 2018 | metastasis (11), HMG (2) | cavernoma (2) | 15 | VITOM® | HD 2D |
| Sindelar et al. [8] | 2018 | - | ICH (1) | 1 | BrainPath® | HD 2D |
| Takahashi et al. [61] | 2018 | meningioma (5), pituitary adenoma (1), GBM (1), HMG (2), metastasis (1), craniopharyngioma (1) | Moyamoya disease (2), congenital dermal sinus (1) | 14 | ORBEYE® | HD 2D |
| Akbari et al. [62] | 2019 | metastasis (4), GBM (3), LGG (2), AA (1) | - | 10 | VITOM® | HD 2D |
| Angileri et al. [4] | 2019 | - | cavernoma + HMG (1) | 1 | VITOM® | HD 3D |
| Bakhsheshian et al. [63] | 2019 | metastasis (25) | - | 25 | BrainPath® | HD 3D |
| Garneau et al. [16] | 2019 | schwannoma (4) | temporal lobe encephalocele (2) | 6 | Modus V™ | HD 2D |
| Li Ching Ng & Di Ieva [66] | 2019 | - | MVD (1) | 1 | VITOM® | HD 3D |
| Muhammad et al. [7] | 2019 | schwannoma (1), meningioma (3) | - | 4 | Modus V™ | HD 3D |
| Murai et al. [67] | 2019 | meningioma (3), schwannoma (3), pituitary adenoma (1), GBM (1) | clipping (3), bypass (2), carotid endarterectomy (2), ICH (3) | 18 | ORBEYE® | 3D 4K |
| Nossek et al. [68] | 2019 | - | bypass (5) | 5 | ORBEYE® | 3D 4K |
| Smith et al. [69] | 2019 | - | skull base (11) | 11 | ORBEYE® (10), VITOM® (1) | HD 3D |
| Ahmad et al. [9] | 2020 | - | microvascular anastomosis (12) | 12 | ORBEYE® | HD 3D |
| Baron et al. [10] | 2020 | GBM (28) | - | 28 | Modus V™ | HD 3D |
| Burkhardt et al. [71] | 2020 | metastasis (3), LGG (1), AA (1), GBM (2), meningioma (1), subependymoma (1), lymphoma (1) | cavernoma (1), ICH (1), aneurysm (2), CSF leak (1), trigeminal neuralgia (1) | 16 | VITOM® | HD 3D |
| Chakravarthi et al. [72] | 2020 | hypothalamic mass (1) | - | 1 | Kinevo 900 | HD 3D |
| Chen et al. [73] | 2020 | schwannoma (39) | - | 39 | VITOM® | HD 2D |
| Doglietto et al. [76] | 2020 | GBM (1) | - | 1 | ORBEYE® | 3D 4K |
| Eichberg et al. [30] | 2020 | GBM (13), metastasis (19), glioma (8) | cavernoma (7), colloid cyst (4), other (5) | 56 | BrainPath® | HD 2D |
| Fuse et al. [3] | 2020 | meningioma (1) | - | 1 | VITOM® | HD 2D |
| Garneau et al. [77] | 2020 | - | temporal lobe encephalocele (1) | 1 | Modus V™ | HD 3D |
| Khatri et al. [78] | 2020 | craniopharyngioma (1) | - | 1 | N/A | - |
| Kleshchova et al. [79] | 2020 | endodermal cyst (1) | - | 1 | N/A | - |
| Ligas et al. [80] | 2020 | - | hemifacial spasm (1) | 1 | N/A | - |
| Lin et al. [81] | 2020 | meningioma (4) | - | 4 | VITOM® | HD 3D |
| Patel et al. [84] | 2020 | - | bypass (1) | 1 | N/A | - |
| Roethe et al. [85] | 2020 | GBM (9), meningioma (6), LGG (4), metastasis (3), AA (3) | cavernoma (1), trigeminal neuralgia (1), CSF fistula (1) | 28 | Kinevo 900 | 3D 4K |
| Silverstein et al. [87] | 2020 | - | aneurysm (1) | 1 | ORBEYE® | HD 3D |
| Amoo et al. [90] | 2021 | metastasis (5), meningioma (4), GBM (5), schwannoma (1), craniopharyngioma (1) | AVM (1), hemifacial spasm (1) | 18 | ORBEYE® | 3D 4K |
| Marenco-Hillembrand et al. [92] | 2021 | metastasis (8), LGG (4), GBM (3) | - | 15 | N/A | - |
| Muscas et al. [27] | 2021 | meningioma (4), cranial nerve tumors (2), glioma (3), choroid plexus papilloma (1) | aneurysm (1), colloid cyst (1), neurovascular conflict (1), ethmoidal fistula (1) | 14 | ORBEYE® | 3D 4K |
| Muto et al. [93] | 2021 | metastasis (5) | - | 5 | VS3 Iridium | HD 3D |
| Rennert et al. [94] | 2021 | GBM (1) | ICH (1) | 2 | VITOM® | HD 3D |
| Rösler et al. [26] | 2021 | GBM (6), pituitary adenoma (1), meningioma (1), craniopharyngioma (1), LGG (4), lymphoma (1), metastasis (3), HMG (1), hemangioma (1) | ICH (1), epilepsy (6), trigeminal neuralgia (1) | 27 | ORBEYE® | 3D 4K |
| Rotermund et al. [95] | 2021 | pituitary adenoma (239), craniopharyngioma (12), meningioma (7), chordoma (4), metastasis (2) | other (32) | 296 | ORBEYE® | 3D 4K |
| Shimizu et al. [96] | 2021 | meningioma (5), schwannoma (4) | trigeminal neuralgia (2), hemifacial spasm (3) | 14 | ORBEYE® | 3D 4K |
| Strickland et al. [97] | 2021 | - | AVM (1) | 1 | N/A | - |
| Wali et al. [21] | 2021 | - | aneurysm (1) | 1 | ORBEYE® | 3D 4K |
| Yoon et al. [25] | 2021 | metastasis (3), meningioma (3), GBM (4), HMG (1) | - | 11 | VOMS-100 (5), VITOM® (6) | 3D 4K |
2d, 2 dimensional; 3D 4K, 3 dimensional 4K high-definition; AA, anaplastic astrocytoma; AVM, arteriovenous malformation; CSF, cerebrospinal fluid; CSDH, chronic subdural hematoma; dAVF, arteriovenous fistula; GBM, glioblastoma multiforme; HD, high definition; HMG, hemangioblastomas; ICH, intracerebral hemorrhage; N/A, not available; JPA, juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma; LGG, low-grade glioma; MVD, microvascular decompression.