Table 2.
Effect of cellular activity study of skin cells towards different type of bioinks.
| Type of Bioinks Used for Tissue/Organ Construction | Human Skin Cells | Study Methods | Cell Proliferation/Viability | Cell Migration | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| dECM and commercial collagen type-I | DFs and KCs | In vitro and in vivo | >90% cell viability. DFs and KCs demonstrated well proliferation rate after 14 days. |
Not-reported | [42] |
| Fibrin | DFs and KCs | In vitro | The number of cell viability for DFs much higher than KCs. | Enhance cell migration | [104] |
| Silk fibroin-gelatin | DFs and KCs | In vitro | Excellent cell growth | Intensive migration of cell on day 7 onwards. | [103] |
| Collagen | DFs and KCs | In vivo | Well-distributed of DFs and KCs after day 30 observation. | Not-Reported | [106] |
| Chitosan-Genipin-Polyethylene Glycol (CH-GE-PEG) | DFs and KCs | In vitro | >88% cell viability | Not-Reported | [101] |
| Bacterial cellulose (BC)/acrylic acid (AA) | DFs and KCs | In vitro | The cell viability for the hydrogel significantly increased from day 1 to day 7. | No cell migration activity has been detected from day 0 to day 7 as the cell is only static on top of the hydrogels. | [126] |
| Fibrinogen-dECM | Fibroblasts | In vivo | Fibrinogen-dECM hydrogel indicated improvement in cellular activity compared to fibrinogen hydrogel only. | Fibrinogen-dECM hydrogel has a porous structure hydrogel which allows cells migration and movement throughout the pore | [50] |
| GelMA-PEO | Fibroblasts | In vitro | The combination of GelMA-PEO enhances the cell viability and proliferation rate compared to pure GelMA. | A lower concentration of GelMA bioinks can enhance cell migration through the pores | [64] |
| Alginate-gelatin | Fibroblasts | In vitro | >95% cell viability after day 3 followed by increasing in the proliferation rate until day 14 | Not-Reported | [105] |
| Chitosan/carbon dots (CDs) | Fibroblasts | In vivo | Cell viability evaluation shows no significant difference between the fibroblasts and the chitosan. This indicates that chitosan/CDs have high biocompatibility and are non-toxic to the cells. | Not-Reported | [127] |
| Alginate/Gelatin/Silver nanoparticle | Fibroblasts | In vitro and in vivo | Reduction in the wound area in a mouse model from day 3, day 7, and day 14. | Not-Reported | [128] |
| Biliverdin/Silk Fibroin (BVSF) | Fibroblasts | In vitro and in vivo | BVSF hydrogel treated wound showed the smallest area among all groups on day 3, 6, 9, and 13 in a mouse model. Besides, BVSF hydrogel had an approximate 50% wound closure, which is about 20% better than the SF group and 40% better than the control group on day 6. | BVSF stimulated cell migration | [129] |
| Alginate with hydrogen sulfide (H2S) | Fibroblasts | In vivo | Alg/H2S, 0.5% hydrogel, resulted in the highest wound closure in a rat model with 98 ± 1.22%, which was statistically significant in comparison with the negative control group. Hence, Alg/H2S 0.5% hydrogel provided the best treatment, which absolutely required to be confirmed with microscopic and histopathological observations. | Favorable for cell migration activity | [130] |
| Collagen | DFs, KCs, and melanocytes | In vitro | 50,000 KCs lead to the formation of a thin epidermal region. 75,000 KCs lead to the formation of a medium epidermal region. 125,000 KCs developed a thick epidermal region. |
Adequate pore sizes for cell distribution. | [117] |