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PAI-1 Promotes angiogenesis by three known methods. (1) PAI-1 inhibits uPA and tPA from activating plasmin, thereby protecting the ECM from plasmin-mediated proteolysis and providing EC with a scaffold to migrate and proliferate. (2) PAI-1 inhibits plasmin activation, thereby preventing the release of the Fas ligand as soluble fas. (3) PAI-1 promotes EC migration through interacting with vitronectin.
