Figure 3.

Schematic representation of basic insulin signaling pathways and effects of phytochemicals and uric acid. Phytochemicals, including phenolic compounds described in this review, modulate cellular energy usage by enhancing insulin activity via AKT activiation and activation of the metabolic regulator, AMPK, cumulating in the translocation of GLUT4 to the plasma membrane and increasing glucose uptake and utilization by insulin responsive tissues such as skeletal muscle cells (modified from [93]).