AKT	Protein kinase B
AMPK	5′-Adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase
ASP	Aspalathin
AUC0-t	Area under the curve
BCAAs	Branched-chain amino acids
BW	Body mass
Cmax	Maximum plasma concentration
DAG	Diacylglycerol
Ddit3	DNA damage-inducible transcript 3
DW	Dry weight
Fcr	Flavanone- and flavanonol-cleaving reductase
FOXO1	Forkhead box protein O1
GCN5	Non-repressed protein 5
GLUT2/4	Glucose transporter 2/4
Hmox1	Heme oxygenase 1
HOMA-IR	Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance
IL-1β	Interleukin 1 beta
IL-10	Interleukin 10
IMP	Inosine-5′-monophosphate
IPGTT	Intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test
IR	Insulin resistance
LPH	Lactase-phloridzin hydrolase
LPS	Lipopolysaccharide(s)
MRP2	Multidrug resistance protein 2
NFκB	Nuclear factor-κB
NLRP3	Nod-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3
NOT	Nothofagin
Nrf1	Nuclear respiratory factor 1
NRF2	Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
PKC	Protein kinase C
PDX1	Pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1
PGC 1α	Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ co-activator 1α
P-gp	P-glycoprotein
PTPs	Protein tyrosine phosphatases
PTP-MEG2	Megakaryocyte protein tyrosine phosphatase 2
ROS	Reactive oxygen species
SGLT1/2	Sodium-glucose co-transporter-1/2
Sirt1	Sirtuin 1
SIRT6	Sirtuin 6
SCFA	Short-chain fatty acid
t½	Elimination half-life
tmax	Time at maximum absorption
Tfam	Mitochondrial transcription factor
TNF-α	Tumour necrosis factor-α
T2D	Type 2 diabetes
Txnip	Thioredoxin interacting protein
Ucp2	Uncoupling protein 2