The convergent procedure: left panel: epicardial ablation of the posterior left atrial (LA) wall using the Epi-Sense radiofrequency (RF) ablation device (AtriCure Inc., 7555 Innovation Way, Mason, OH 45040, USA). Right panel: the green lines show the epicardial reflections that limit where the epicardial RF can be accomplished. The blue area represents the multiple sites of epicardial RF ablation. The red dots represent the sites of endocardial catheter ablation that completes the pulmonary vein isolation and the cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI) lesion in the right atrium (used with permission from AtriCure, Inc.).