Table 3.
Main regression results for the full sample with the dependent variable log (total cases).
| Variable | Model 1a (baseline model), regression coefficient (SE) | P value | Model 2b (including culture), regression coefficient (SE) | P value | Model 3c (interaction effects), regression coefficient (SE) | P value | |
| General variable |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
log (GDPd PPPe) | 1.136 (0.116) | <.001 | 1.124 (0.122) | <.001 | 1.104 (0.133) | <.001 |
|
|
Unemployment rate | 0.033 (0.016) | .04 | 0.015 (0.018) | .40 | 0.019 (0.019) | .32 |
|
|
log (population density) | 0.250 (0.129) | .06 | 0.278 (0.150) | .07 | 0.359 (0.162) | .03 |
|
|
Percentage aged 60 years or older | −0.027 (0.014) | .06 | −0.054 (0.019) | .006 | −0.055 (0.020) | .007 |
|
|
log (annual rainfall) | −0.253 (0.169) | .12 | −0.023 (0.246) | .93 | −0.115 (0.258) | .66 |
|
|
Annual temperature | −0.021 (0.012) | .07 | −0.030 (0.015) | .06 | −0.035 (0.016) | .03 |
|
|
Early lockdown | −0.018 (0.151) | .91 | 0.04 (0.158) | .80 | −0.06 (0.179) | .74 |
|
|
Individualism | N/Af | N/A | 0.005 (0.006) | .42 | 0.005 (0.006) | .37 |
|
|
Uncertainty avoidance | N/A | N/A | 0.007 (0.004) | .08 | 0.006 (0.004) | .15 |
| Distancing-enabling ICTg infrastructure |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Credit card ownership rate | −0.002 (0.005) | .64 | 0.0002 (0.005) | .97 | −0.0002 (0.005) | .97 |
|
|
log (broadband speed) | 0.068 (0.316) | .83 | 0.156 (0.335) | .64 | 0.104 (0.364) | .78 |
| Medical ICT infrastructure |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Telehealth policy (stated) | 0.055 (0.179) | .76 | 0.192 (0.191) | .32 | 0.861 (0.648) | .19 |
|
|
Telehealth policy (implied) | −0.003 (0.152) | .98 | −0.098 (0.166) | .56 | −0.13 (0.433) | .77 |
|
|
Government health websites | −0.221 (0.161) | .17 | −0.440 (0.193) | .03 | −0.675 (0.278) | .02 |
|
|
Training ICT health | 0.174 (0.183) | .35 | 0.096 (0.205) | .64 | 0.276 (0.311) | .38 |
|
|
National EHRh | 0.179 (0.137) | .20 | 0.094 (0.144) | .52 | 0.206 (0.231) | .38 |
| Interaction |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Telehealth policy (stated)×government health websites | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | −0.049 (0.443) | .91 |
|
|
Telehealth policy (implied)×government health websites | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.527 (0.351) | .14 |
|
|
Telehealth policy (stated)×training ICT health | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | −0.567 (0.758) | .46 |
|
|
Telehealth policy (implied)×training ICT health | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | −0.241 (0.417) | .57 |
|
|
Telehealth policy (stated)×national EHR | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | −0.117 (0.442) | .79 |
|
|
Telehealth policy (implied)×national EHR | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | −0.25 (0.442) | .52 |
| Constant | −8.285 (1.347) | <.001 | −8.577 (1.579) | <.001 | −8.140 (1.745) | <.001 | |
aModel 1: 98 observations; R2=0.615; adjusted R2=0.55.
bModel 2: 69 observations; R2=0.733; adjusted R2=0.65.
cModel 3: 69 observations; R2=0.754; adjusted R2=0.64.
dGDP: gross domestic product.
ePPP: purchasing power parity.
fN/A: not applicable.
gICT: information and communications technology.
hEHR: electronic health record.