Table 4.
Main regression results for the full sample with the dependent variable fatality rate.
| Variable | Model 1a (baseline model), regression coefficient (SE) | P value | Model 2b (including culture), regression coefficient (SE) | P value | Model 3c (interaction effects), regression coefficient (SE) | P value | |
| General variable |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
log (GDPd PPPe) | 1.635 (0.571) | .005 | 1.573 (0.670) | .02 | 1.993 (0.711) | .007 |
|
|
Unemployment rate | −0.042 (0.077) | .59 | −0.019 (0.095) | .84 | 0.043 (0.099) | .67 |
|
|
log (population density) | 0.036 (0.623) | .95 | 1.579 (0.805) | .06 | 1.962 (0.843) | .03 |
|
|
Percentage aged 60 or older | 0.143 (0.07) | .04 | 0.045 (0.101) | .66 | 0.025 (0.103) | .81 |
|
|
log (annual rainfall) | 0.198 (0.835) | .81 | 2.373 (1.325) | .08 | 2.224 (1.346) | .11 |
|
|
Annual temperature | −0.011 (0.058) | .85 | −0.033 (0.082) | .69 | −0.041 (0.082) | .62 |
|
|
Early lockdown | −0.617 (0.737) | .41 | −1.000 (0.860) | .25 | −0.535 (0.931) | .57 |
|
|
Individualism | N/Af | N/A | 0.138 (0.031) | <.001 | 0.141 (0.031) | <.001 |
|
|
Uncertainty avoidance | N/A | N/A | 0.034 (0.022) | .13 | 0.036 (0.022) | .11 |
| Distancing-enabling ICTg infrastructure |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Credit card ownership rate | 0.0002 (0.023) | .99 | −0.057 (0.027) | .04 | −0.074 (0.028) | .01 |
|
|
log (broadband speed) | −1.287 (1.513) | .40 | −1.199 (1.799) | .51 | −0.015 (1.893) | .99 |
| Medical ICT infrastructure |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Telehealth policy (stated) | −0.715 (0.888) | .42 | −1.093 (1.042) | .30 | −1.03 (3.367) | .76 |
|
|
Telehealth policy (implied) | −1.176 (0.743) | .12 | −2.684 (0.903) | .004 | −6.231 (2.242) | .008 |
|
|
Government health websites | −0.053 (0.800) | .95 | −1.721 (1.058) | .11 | −2.985 (1.473) | .05 |
|
|
Training ICT health | −0.37 (0.904) | .68 | −0.091 (1.100) | .93 | 0.029 (1.611) | .99 |
|
|
National EHRh | −0.508 (0.655) | .44 | 0.888 (0.780) | .26 | −0.206 (1.208) | .87 |
| Interaction |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Telehealth policy (stated)×government health websites | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 2.896 (2.315) | .22 |
|
|
Telehealth policy (implied)×government health websites | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1.7 (1.832) | .36 |
|
|
Telehealth policy (stated)×training ICT health | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | −0.595 (3.934) | .88 |
|
|
Telehealth policy (implied)×training ICT health | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 1.654 (2.162) | .45 |
|
|
Telehealth policy (stated)×national EHR | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | −1.256 (2.293) | .59 |
|
|
Telehealth policy (implied)×national EHR | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 3.419 (2.009) | .10 |
| Constant | −13.999 (6.791) | .04 | −24.255 (8.600) | .007 | −30.459 (9.241) | .002 | |
aModel 1: 95 observations; R2=0.271; adjusted R2=0.143.
bModel 2: 68 observations; R2=0.496; adjusted R2=0.338.
cModel 3: 68 observations; R2=0.569; adjusted R2=0.358.
dGDP: gross domestic product.
ePPP: purchasing power parity.
fN/A: not applicable.
gICT: information and communications technology.
hEHR: electronic health record.