Table 1.
Effects of uremic toxins on key mechanisms in endothelial cells.
| Toxin | Inflammation | Oxidative Stress | Cell Death | Migration/ Adhesion |
Proliferation | Thrombosis | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indoxyl sulfate | + | [37,38,39,40] | + | [31,37,38,39,41,42] | + | [31,40,42,43] | + | [37,39,40] | - | [31] | ||
| Cyanate | + | [44,45] | + | [44] | + | [45] | ||||||
| cLDL | + | [46,47] | + | [47,48] | + | [46] | ||||||
| AGE | + | [49] | + | [30,49,50] | + | [30] | + | [30,51] | - | [51] | ||
| p-Cresol/ p-cresyl sulfate |
+ | [52] | + | [30,31,52,53] | + | [30,31,54] | + | [30,52] | - | [31] | ||
| Phosphate | + | [55] | + | [55,56] | + | [57] | ||||||
| ADMA | + | [58] | ||||||||||
| Uric acid | + | [59,60,61] | + | [60,61] | ||||||||
(+) increased; (-) decreased effect. ADMA = asymmetric dimethylarginine; AGE = advanced glycation end products; cLDL = carbamylated LDL; LDL = low density lipoproteins.