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. 2021 Dec 27;23(1):246. doi: 10.3390/ijms23010246

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Proposed working model for PCD induced by Al. The sharp head represents promotion, whereas the flat head represents suppression. ROS: Reactive oxygen species; MPTP: Mitochondrial permeability transition pore; Cyt c: Cytochrome C; Caspases: Cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase; PCD: Programmed cell death; numbers enclosed in circles in the figure represent: ①, oxidative stress; ②, endoplasmic reticulum stress; ③, programmed cell death regulation. For detailed explanation, see Table S7 and Figure 6.