Table 1.
Comparison of baseline demographics and clinical characteristics of patients with and without coagulopathy after open TBI.
| Variables | All Patients (n = 132) |
Coagulopathy (n = 46) |
No Coagulopathy (n = 86) |
p Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median age (IQR) yrs. | 44.5 (33.3–57) | 51.5 (34.3–69.0) | 44.0 (32.8–56.0) | 0.076 |
| Male (%) | 113 (85.6) | 40 (87.0) | 73 (84.9) | 0.801 |
| Mechanism of injury (%) | 0.404 | |||
| Traffic accident | 40 (30.3) | 16 (34.8) | 24 (27.9) | |
| Blow injury | 43 (32.6) | 11 (23.9) | 32 (37.2) | |
| Fall | 20 (15.2) | 6 (13.0) | 14 (16.2) | |
| Free fall | 23 (17.4) | 11 (23.9) | 12 (14.0) | |
| Others | 6 (4.5) | 2 (4.4) | 4 (4.7) | |
| Median GCS (IQR) | 10 (8–14) | 5.5 (4–9) | 13 (10–15) | <0.001 * |
| Injury location (%) | 0.128 | |||
| Vault-SF | 50 (37.9) | 12 (26.1) | 38 (44.2) | |
| Base-SF | 21 (15.9) | 9 (19.6) | 12 (13.9) | |
| Both-SF | 61 (46.2) | 25 (54.3) | 36 (41.9) | |
| Venous sinus injury (%) | 19 (14.4) | 5(10.9) | 14 (16.3) | 0.449 |
| Intracranial fragments (%) | 11 (8.3) | 3(6.5) | 8 (9.3) | 0.747 |
| Intracranial hematoma (%) | 56 (42.4) | 30 (65.2) | 26 (30.2) | <0.001 * |
| EDH (%) | 65 (49.2) | 18 (39.1) | 47 (54.7) | 0.089 |
| SDH (%) | 50 (37.9) | 27 (58.7) | 23 (26.7) | <0.001 * |
| SAH (%) | 73 (55.3) | 39 (84.8) | 34 (39.5) | <0.001 * |
| Midline shift (%) | 34 (25.8) | 19 (41.3) | 15 (17.4) | 0.004 * |
| Median Hb (IQR) | 131.5 (121–141.8) | 124.0 (118.8–136.0) | 136.5 (123.5–144.0) | 0.006 * |
| Median NLR (IQR) | 15.2 (9.4–19.1) | 18.7 (15.8–21.6) | 11.9 (7.9–16.6) | <0.001 * |
| Median PLR (IQR) | 160.2 (92.1–244.3) | 106.2 (65.0–161.0) | 193.0 (138.2–276.9) | <0.001 * |
| Median PLT (IQR) | 203 (165–243) | 170.5 (145.3–205.3) | 216.5 (182.5–249.0) | <0.001 * |
| Median INR (IQR) | 1.05 (0.99–1.13) | 1.14 (1.08–1.30) | 1.02 (0.97–1.08) | <0.001 * |
| Median APTT (IQR) | 25.3 (23.1–29.8) | 30.5 (24.8–35.73) | 24.5 (23.0–26.8) | <0.001 * |
| Admission Glucose(IQR) | 8.5 (6.5–10.6) | 11.3 (9.4–14.6) | 7.1 (6.1–8.8) | <0.001 * |
| Receive TXA (%) | 22 (16.7) | 12 (26.1) | 10 (11.6) | 0.034 * |
| Mean time from open TBI to the surgery (SD) | 7.5 (2.8) | 7.1 (2.8) | 7.7 (2.8) | 0.114 |
| DC (%) | 37 (28.0) | 23 (50.0) | 14 (16.3) | <0.001 * |
| Mean operative blood loss (SD) | 402 (408) | 649 (499) | 270 (272) | <0.001 * |
| Mean duration of surgery (SD) | 147 (86) | 167 (98) | 137 (78) | 0.029 * |
| Blood transfusion (%) | 60 (45.5) | 36 (78.3) | 24 (27.9) | <0.001 * |
| Mean blood transfusion volume (SD) | 546 (804) | 1053 (1016) | 275 (488) | <0.001 * |
| Mean ICU LOS (SD) | 4.0 (4.7) | 5.9 (6.1) | 3.0 (3.5) | 0.003 * |
| Median GOS(IQR) | 3 (3–5) | 3 (1–5) | 5 (4–5) | <0.001 * |
| Mortality (%) | 21 (15.9) | 17 (37.0) | 4 (4.7) | <0.001 * |
Abbreviations: GCS, Glasgow Coma Scale; SF, skull fracture; EDH, epidural hematoma; SDH, subdural hematoma; SAH, subarachnoid hemorrhage; Hb, hemoglobin; NLR, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio; PLR, platelet/lymphocyte ratio; PLT, platelets; INR, international normalized ratio; APTT, activated partial thromboplastin time; TXA, tranexamic acid; DC, decompressive craniectomy; ICU, Intensive Care Unit; LOS, Length of stay; GOS, Glasgow outcome scale; IQR, interquartile range; SD, standard deviation. * These values are significant for statistical analysis.