Lower case symbols and abbreviations
a1 (2)	width external crushing in the interaction between timber and dowel (mm)
b1(2)	internal crush width on timber side (middle) piece (mm)
d	nail diameter (mm).
dh	nail head diameter (mm).
dint	net diameter (mm)
fax,k (m)	characteristic (mean) value of the tear-off resistance in the nose piece (N/mm2)
fh,1 (2),k (m)	characteristic (mean) resistance to crushing for the side (middle) piece of timber (N/mm2)
fhead,k	characteristic value of nail head punching resistance (N/mm2)
fm,g,k	bending strength of timber (N/mm2)
fc,0 (90),g,k	compressive strength parallel (perpendicular) to grain of timber (N/mm2)
ft,0 (90),g,k	tensile strength parallel (perpendicular) to grain of timber (N/mm2)
fv,g,k	shear strength parallel to grain of the timber (N/mm2)
fy,k	yield strength of steel (N/mm2)
fu,k	ultimate strength of steel (N/mm2)
u	displacement (mm)
tpen	penetration length in the nose piece or the length of the corrugated portion in the nose piece (mm)
th	thickness at the head of the piece (mm)
t1 (2)	thickness of timber side (middle) piece (mm)
th	thickness at the head of the piece (mm)
Uppercase symbols and abbreviations
E0 (90),g,m	modulus of elasticity mean parallel (perpendicular) to fibers of timber (N/mm2)
Eax	slope in the plastic behavior of the hinge (N/mm)
Es	modulus of elasticity of steel (GPa)
Gr,g,m	shear mean modulus of timber (N/mm2)
Fest	estimated load (KN)
My,Rk	plastic moment (KN·mm)
Fax,Rk (m)	characteristic (mean) load capacity upon removal of the fixing element (KN)
Greek symbols
ρg,k, (m)	characteristic (mean) density of timber (kg/mm3)
ξ	plasticity index of the dowel
ν	poisson’s ratio of steel
β	crush strength ratio (fh,2,k/fh,1,k)
θ	hinge joint angle (°)
ΔL	length of embedment of washer in wood (mm)