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Two designs offering noninvasive ES. (A) ES through EMF, where a cell culture plate is placed inside a Helmholtz coil in parallel to the direction of MF, or in perpendicular to the direction of MF between two Helmholtz coils; (B) ES through capacitive coupling where a culture plate is sandwiched between two paralleled plates (note: the distance between plates and culture should be minimum to reduce resistance).
