Table 1.
Clinical and imaging characteristics according to the degree of recanalization.
| Total (n = 501) |
Unsuccessful Recanalization mTICI ≤ 2a (n = 91) |
Succeesful Recanalization mTICI 2b/3 (n = 410) |
p-Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 76.2 ± 13.3 | 78.7 ± 14.1 | 75.6 ± 13.0 | 0.059 |
| Female, (%) | 234 (46.7%) | 46 (50.6%) | 188 (45.9%) | 0.486 |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 20.6 ± 4.1 | 20.3 ± 4.8 | 20.6 ± 4.0 | 0.519 |
| Vascular risk factors | ||||
| Hypertension, (%) | 376 (75.1%) | 74 (81.3%) | 302 (73.7%) | 0.163 |
| Diabetes mellitus, (%) | 282 (56.3%) | 64 (70.3%) | 218 (53.2%) | 0.004 |
| Hypercholesterolemia, (%) | 217 (43.3%) | 37 (40.7%) | 180 (43.9%) | 0.654 |
| Current smoking, (%) | 83 (16.6%) | 19 (20.9%) | 64 (15.6%) | 0.286 |
| eGFR < 60 mL/min, (%) | 243 (48.5%) | 51 (56.0%) | 192 (46.8%) | 0.140 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Atrial fibrillation (%) | 265 (52.9%) | 51 (56.0%) | 214 (52.2%) | 0.583 |
| Heart failure, (%) | 43 (8.6%) | 11 (12.1%) | 32 (7.8%) | 0.266 |
| Coronary disease, (%) | 144 (28.7%) | 16 (17.6%) | 128 (31.2%) | 0.013 |
| Peripheral artery disease, (%) | 17 (3.4%) | 6 (6.6%) | 11 (2.7%) | 0.123 |
| Previous infarction, (%) | 118 (23.6%) | 23 (25.3%) | 95 (23.2%) | 0.771 |
| Previous hemorrhage, (%) | 27 (5.4%) | 7 (7.7%) | 20 (4.9%) | 0.413 |
| Medication before admission | ||||
| Prior antiplatelet therapy, (%) | 156 (31.1%) | 29 (31.9%) | 127 (31.0%) | 0.967 |
| Prior anticoagulant therapy, (%) | 88 (17.6%) | 12 (13.2%) | 76 (18.5%) | 0.053 |
| Prior statin therapy, (%) | 152 (30.3%) | 21 (23.1%) | 131 (32.0%) | 0.124 |
| Initial NIHSS score, median (IQR) | 15 (10–19) | 17 (12–20.5) | 15 (10–19) | 0.020 |
| Change in NIHSS score after 24 h, median (IQR) | 4 (0–9) | 0 (−2–3) | 5 (0–10) | <0.001 |
| Treatment | ||||
| IA thrombolysis without IV tPA, (%) | 299 (59.7%) | 64 (70.3%) | 235 (57.3%) | 0.030 |
| Combined IV/IA thrombolysis *, (%) | 202 (40.3%) | 27 (29.7%) | 175 (42.7%) | 0.030 |
| Stent-retriever alone, (%) | 371 (74.1%) | 52 (57.1%) | 319 (77.8%) | <0.001 |
| Aspiration alone, (%) | 25 (5.0%) | 9 (9.9%) | 16 (3.9%) | 0.035 |
| Combined stent-retriever/aspiration **, (%) | 90 (18.0%) | 15 (16.5%) | 75 (18.3%) | 0.521 |
| Number of stent-retriever passes, mean (SD) | 2.1 ± 1.9 | 2.9 ± 2.8 | 2.0 ± 1.6 | 0.002 |
| Onset to puncture, min, mean (SD) | 354.6 ± 440.0 | 370.1 ± 293.5 | 351.1 ± 466.6 | 0.621 |
| LNT-to-puncture time (within 6 h) | 350 (69.9%) | 60 (65.9%) | 290 (70.7%) | 0.438 |
| Arterial occlusion site | ||||
| Any ICA, (%) | 94 (18.8%) | 16 (17.6%) | 78 (19.0%) | 0.865 |
| MCA, (%) | 127 (25.4%) | 18 (19.8%) | 109 (26.6%) | 0.224 |
| ACA, (%) | 7 (1.4%) | 1 (1.1%) | 6 (1.5%) | >0.99 |
| PCA, (%) | 8 (1.6%) | 1 (1.1%) | 7 (1.7%) | 0.259 |
| V-B, (%) | 40 (8.0%) | 10 (11.0%) | 30 (7.3%) | 0.340 |
| Tandem lesion | 24 (4.8%) | 5 (5.5%) | 19 (4.6%) | 0.939 |
| Stroke etiology | 0.380 | |||
| Cardioembolic | 270 (53.9%) | 49 (53.9%) | 221 (53.9%) | |
| Large artery atherosclerosis | 83 (16.6%) | 19 (20.9%) | 64 (15.6%) | |
| Undetermined or others | 148 (29.5%) | 23 (25.3%) | 125 (30.5%) | |
| Laboratory results | ||||
| Initial glucose †, mg/dL | 145.3 ± 51.4 | 152.9 ± 54.3 | 140.2 ± 49.7 | 0.042 |
| Fasting glucose ‡, mg/dL | 135.5 ± 51.7 | 148.8 ± 52.9 | 128.9 ± 46.9 | 0.002 |
|
Pre-admission stroke risk score,
score, median (IQR) |
||||
| CHADS2 score | 2.1 ± 1.0 | 3 (2–3) | 2 (1–3) | <0.001 |
| CHA2DS2VASc score | 3.4 ± 1.6 | 4 (3–5) | 3 (2–4) | 0.002 |
| ATRIA score | 6.7 ± 3.6 | 9 (6–10) | 7 (3–9) | 0.002 |
| Essen score | 3.3 ± 1.4 | 4 (3–4) | 3 (2–4) | 0.034 |
mTICI, modified thrombolysis in cerebral infarction; SD, standard deviation; BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, NIHSS; IQR, interquartile range; tPA, tissue plasminogen activator; IA, int; IV, intravenous; LNT, last normal time; ICA, internal carotid artery; MCA, middle cerebral artery; ACA, anterior cerebral artery; PCA, posterior cerebral artery; V-B, vertebro-basilar. * administration of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator prior to endovascular thrombectomy; ** cases in which stent-retriever and aspiration were performed simultaneously or sequentially. † The glucose level test was performed at the time of the first admission to the emergency room. ‡ The glucose level test was performed after 8 h of fasting after admission.