| ALS | amyotrophic lateral sclerosis |
| α-LA | α-lactalbumin |
| CD | circular dichroism |
| CTQ | cysteine tryptophanylquinone |
| DHA | dehydroalanine |
| DHB | dehydrobutyric acid |
| Di-Trp | di-tryptophan |
| Di-Trp-OOH | di-tryptophan hydroperoxides |
| Di-Tyr | di-tyrosine |
| DOPA | 3,4-hydroxyphenylalanine |
| ELISA | enzyme-linked immunoassay; |
| ECM | extracellular matrix |
| FtsZ | filamenting temperature-sensitive mutant Z |
| GC-MS | gas chromatography mass spectrometry |
| G6PDH | glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase |
| GPx’s | glutathione peroxidases |
| GSA | glutathione sulfonamide |
| GSH | glutathione |
| GSSG | glutathione disulfide |
| H2O2 | hydrogen peroxide |
| HOBr | the physiological mixture of hypobromous acid and its anion, hypobromite |
| HOCl | the physiological mixture of hypochlorous acid and its anion, hypochlorite |
| HPLC | high performance liquid chromatography |
| hSOD1 | human superoxide dismutase 1 |
| Iso-di-Tyr | iso-di-tyrosine |
| LC-MS | liquid chromatography mass spectrometry |
| LDLR | low-density-lipoprotein receptor |
| LOOH | lipid hydroperoxide |
| LOX | lysyl oxidase |
| LOXL | lysyl oxidase-like enzyme |
| MS | mass spectrometry |
| NMR | nuclear magnetic resonance |
| 1O2 | singlet oxygen |
| ONOO−/ONOOH | the physiological mixture of peroxynitrite anion and peroxynitrous acid |
| P• | protein carbon-centered radical |
| POO• | protein peroxyl radical |
| P-P | protein dimers |
| PTP1B | protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B |
| RS• | thiyl radical RS |
| RS− | thiolate anion |
| R-NHBr | bromamines |
| R-NHCl | chloramines |
| ROH | alcohol |
| ROOH | alkyl hydroperoxide |
| RNAse A | ribonuclease A |
| R-NH2 | neutral amine |
| RS-NHR′ | sulfenamide |
| RSNO | S-nitroso thiol |
| RSOH | sulfenic acid |
| RSO2H | sulfinic acid |
| RSO3H | sulfonic acid |
| RS-(O)-NHR′ | sulfinamide |
| RS-(O)2-NHR′ | sulfonamide |
| RS-X | sulfenyl halide |
| SANS | small angle neutron scattering |
| SAXS | small angle X-ray scattering |
| SDS-PAGE | sodium dodecyl sulphate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis |
| SEC | size exclusion chromatography |
| SUMOs | small-ubiquitin-like modifier proteins |
| Tri-Trp | tri-tryptophan |
| Trp• | tryptophan indolyl radical |
| Trx | thioredoxin |
| TrxR | thioredoxin reductase |
| TTQ | tryptophan-tryptophanylquinone |
| Tyr• | tyrosine phenoxyl radical |
| UPLC | ultra-performance liquid chromatography |
| UVPD | ultraviolet photodissociation |
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